Evolution and growth of

Muslim society in
the Sub-continent
 Aitzaz Ahsan calls the Pakistani of today as the “Indus man”.

 Sir Mortimer Wheeler: “Five Thousand Years of Pakistan”

Advent of Islam
in the subcontinent

 Earliest contact  reign of Hazrat

Umar (634-644), the second Caliph

 Arabs & Malabar Coast

 Advent of Islam
in the subcontinent
 Earliest contact  reign of Hazrat
Umar (634-644), the second Caliph
• First Indian national to
convert:
 Arabs & Malabar Coast

 Preached Islam + business dealings • KIRNIG NOOR

• A ruler of a small
state
 Muslims’ first battle on Indian soil = Thana
and Bharuch ports near Bombay

 During Caliph Umar’s reign, under

Governor of Oman’s command

 Caliph forbade further action

 The advent of Islam

Quaid-e-Azam:
“Pakistan came into existence the day the
first Indian national embraced Islam”
 Hajjaj bin Yousaf & Raja Dahir

 6th Umayyad caliph Walid bin Abdul Mulk

(705-715 AD)
 Arab ships looted by Hindu pirates near
Debal sea port
Hajjaj bin Yousaf & Raja Dahir
 6th Umayyad caliph Walid bin Abdul Mulk
(705-715 AD)
 Arab ships looted by Hindu pirates near
Debal sea port
 From King of Ceylon to Umayyad
Governor Hajjaj bin Yousaf
 Raja Dahir of Sindh rejected Hajjaj’s claim

 Hajjaj bin Yousaf decided to send Muhammad bin

Qasim, with an army, to Raja Dahir
 Muhammad Bin Qasim
Invasion of Sindh in 712
AD
 4,000 Jaats joined him
 Raja Dahir and his army of 40,000
 Raja killed
 MBQ released war prisoners
 Muhammad bin Qasim
established Islamic rule in
Sindh (set the prisoners
free)
 Defeated Raja Gor Singh in
Multan

MBQ was called back &

imprisoned by the new caliph.
Died in prison
 Muhammad bin Qasim –
first Muslim Empire in South Asia
 Made Sindh = Dar-ul-Islam
 Sharia declared

 Created an institution to interpret

Islamic laws

 Extended rights of dhimmis to

Hindus
 Second phase of
Muslim expansion
 Mahmud of Ghazni  series of
 Arab conquest of Sindh & South-
invasions in Indo-Pak region
Western Punjab complete by 714

 17 expeditions
 Establishment of Turkish Muslim
dynasty in Ghazni (Afghanistan)
 “Idol breaker”
Muhammad Ghori

 After Mahmud of Ghazni’s  Delhi Sultanate was established after

death, Muhammad Ghori death of Ghori
controlled Indus Valley

 Spread to Bengal & Bihar

Role of sufis, mystics &
religious leaders
 Ali Makhdoom Hajweri of Ghazni –
1035  Khwaja Bakhtiar Kaki of Delhi
 Came to Lahore, spread Islam  Khwaja Nizam ud-din of Delhi
 Data Ganj Baksh of Lahore  Moin ud-din Chishti of Ajmer Shareef
 Baha-ud-din Zakariya of Multan
 Sheikh Farid-ud-din Ganj Shakkar of
Pakpattan
Delhi Sultanate
 From 1206 to 1290
 Established by Qutb-ud-din
Aibak

 Mamluk or the Slave Dynasty

 Sold as a slave in childhood

 Khilji Dynasty
1290 – 1320

 Found by Jalal-ud-din Firuz

Khilji

 Known for faithlessness &

ferocity

 Slavery & bondage labor

 Expand to south India

Tughlaq Dynasty
1320 – 1414
 Ghazi Malik established

 Torture, cruelty & rebellions

 Peak in 1335

 Started to shrink later

Muhammad bin Tughlaq
 “Not a week passed without the spilling of much Muslim blood & the
running of streams of gore before the entrance of his palace. This
included cutting people in half, skinning them alive, chopping off
heads…”

 from Ibn-e-Batuta’s travel memoirs.

Sayyid Dynasty
1414 – 1451
 Established by Khizr Khan

 Short regime

 Last ruler Alam Shah was a

weak ruler
Lodhi Dynasty
1451 – 1526
 Afghan

 Bahlul Khan Lodhi

 Last = Ibrahim Lodhi

 Depleted treasury &

abandoned trade routes
Bhagti Movement

 14th century  No difference between

 Literal = brotherhood  Ram & Rahim
 Eradicate evils of Hinduism
 Pran & Qur’an
 Kaashi & Kaa’bah
 To check Islam’s popularity
 Baba Guru Nanak also leader
among others

 Considered bhagti greatest

religion
The MUGHALS
Babur & beginning of the
Mughal era
 Zahir-ud-din Muhammad  Established the Mughal
Babur Empire
 From Uzbekistan
 1526 – 1857
 1525 – Punjab
 1526 – Battle of Panipat vs
Ibrahim Lodhi
Humayun
1530 – 1556
 Son of Babur

 Captured Gujarat 1535

 2nd Battle of Panipat 1556 – re-

established Mughal Empire
Akbar
1556 – 1605
 Toleration policies

 Married Hindu Rajput Jodha Baii of

Jaipur, Rajasthan

 Win hearts vs win by swords

Din-e-Ilahi or
Divine Faith 1582
 Akbar introduced a new religion
 Merits of all religions amalgamate
 Ill-fated attempt at unification
 Muslims felt purpose was to distort Islam
 Worship of Sun, fire
 Jizya & pilgrimage tax abolished
 Declared Akbar as God’s shadow
on Earth
 Cow slaughter prohibited
 Azaan wasn’t allowed
 No child to be named Muhammad
 Mosques became warehouses
 Disappointed & hurt Muslims  Loss of Muslim political
hegemony
 Wanted to be spiritual guide
 Muslim nobility & clergymen
united

 Policy of sulaah-e-kul (tried to

maintain peace)

 Din-e-ilahi was a failure

Sheikh Ahmad Sirhindi
1564 - 1624

 Mujadid Alf Sani

 Against Din e Elahi

 Against Zil e Elahi

 Shah Jehan
1628 – 1658

 Akbar  Jahangir  Shah

Jehan

 Moved away from Akbar’s

liberalism

 Golden Age of Indian

civilization

 India = richest center of arts,

crafts & architecture
 Taj Mahal, Laal Qilla, Jamia
Masjid, Lahore Fort

 Highest gross domestic

product in the world

 1632, permitted East India

Company of British to set
up in Bengal
Aurungzeb
1658 - 1707
 Mughal
 Strict Sharia follower
Empire
 Dar-ul-Harb to Dar-ul-Islam
reached maximum
 Fatwa-e-Alamgiri
 Military expansion
 Extension of
boundaries
 Annual income of
empire = highest in
the world
Fall of Mughals
 Aurungzeb 1707

 13 rulers later

 Bahadur Shah Zafar

in 1775

 13kings in just 68
years!
 Shah Wali Ullah
1703 – 1762
 Causes of decline: sectarianism,
lack of understanding of religion

 Promoted Jihad

 Wrote to King of Afghanistan

 Marathas

 3rd Battle of Panipat 1761

 Bahadur Shah Zafar

 Last of the Mughals  End of the Mughals

 Deposed by British
East India Company
1858

 Exiled to Burma
 The Mughals
in a nutshell
 Economic growth of South
Asia
• Weak
 Spread Islam

 Development of Urdu
language

 Promotion of Muslim arts

and architecture
 Impact of Islam
 Against caste system  Guru Nanak & Hindu
 A new social system leaders influenced by
 Sufis & mystics Islamic teachings

preached simple values