Chapter 5: BJT AC Analysis

Chapter 5: BJT AC Analysis
BJT Transistor Modeling

• A model is an equivalent circuit that represents the AC
characteristics of the transistor.
• A model uses circuit elements that approximate the

behavior of the transistor.
• There are two models commonly used in small signal AC

analysis of a transistor:
– re model
– Hybrid equivalent model
Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved.
The re Transistor Model
• BJTs are basically current-controlled devices; therefore the re

model
uses a diode and a current source to duplicate the behavior of the
transistor.
• One disadvantage to this model is its sensitivity to the DC level.

This
model is designed for specific circuit conditions.
Common-Base Configuration
26 mV
I c  I e re 
IE
Input impedance:
Z i  re
Output impedance:
Z o  
Voltage gain:
R L R L
AV  
re re
Current gain:
A i     1
Common-Emitter Configuration
Ie    1Ib  Ib
The diode re model can be
replaced by the resistor re.
I e     1 I b   I b
26 mV
re 
IE
more…
Common-Emitter Configuration
Ie    1Ib  Ib
Input impedance:
Z i   re
Output impedance:
Z o  ro  
RL
Voltage gain:
A V
re
A i   ro  
Current gain:
Common-Collector Configuration
Ie    1Ib  Ib
Input impedance:
Z i  (   1)re
Output impedance:
Z o  re || RE
RE
Voltage gain:
AV 
R E  re
Ai    1
Current gain:
Common-Emitter Fixed-Bias Configuration
• The input is applied to the base

• The output is from the collector
• High input impedance
• Low output impedance
• High voltage and current gain
• Phase shift between input and
output is 180
Common-Emitter Fixed-Bias Configuration
AC equivalent
re model
Common-Emitter Fixed-Bias Calculations
Input impedance:
Z i  R B ||  re
Z i   re R E  10 re
Output impedance:
Z o  R C || rO
Z o  R C ro  10R C
Voltage gain: Current gain:

Vo (R || r )
Av   C o I  R B ro
Vi re Ai  o 
I i (ro  R C )(R B   re )
RC
Av   ro  10R C
re A i   ro  10R C , R B  10 re
Current gain from voltage gain:

Zi
Ai  A v
RC
Common-Emitter Voltage-Divider Bias
re model requires you to determine , re, and ro.
Common-Emitter Voltage-Divider Bias
Calculations
Input impedance:
R   R 1 || R 2
Z i  R  ||  re
Output impedance:
Z o  R C || ro Current gain:
I  R ro
Z o  R C ro  10R C Ai  o 
I i (ro  R C )(R    re )
I R
Voltage gain: Ai  o  r  10R C
Ii R    re o
Vo  R C || ro I
Av   A i  o   ro  10R C , R   10 re
Vi re Ii
Vo R
Av    C ro  10R C
Vi re Current gain from voltage gain:
Z
Ai  A v i
RC
Common-Emitter Emitter-Bias
Configuration
Impedance Calculations
Input impedance:
Z i  R B || Z b
Z b   re  (  1)R E
Z b  (re  R E )
Z b  R E
Output impedance:
Zo  R C
Gain Calculations
Voltage gain:
Vo R C
Av  
Vi Zb
V RC
Av  o  
Vi re  R E Z b  (re  R E )
Vo R
Av    C Z b  R E
Vi RE
Current gain: Current gain from voltage gain:

I R B Zi
Ai  o  Ai  A v
Ii R B  Zb RC
Emitter-Follower Configuration
• This is also known as the common-collector configuration.

• The input is applied to the base and the output is taken from the
emitter.
• There is no phase shift between input and output.
Impedance Calculations
Input impedance:
Z i  R B || Z b
Z b   re  (  1)R E
Z b  (re  R E )
Zb  R E
Output impedance:
Z o  R E || re
Z o  re R E  re
Gain Calculations
Voltage gain:
Vo RE
Av  
Vi R E  re
V
A v  o  1 R E  re , R E  re  R E
Vi
Current gain:
R B
Ai  
R B  Zb
Current gain from voltage gain:

Z
Ai  A v i
RE
Common-Base Configuration
• The input is applied to the

emitter.
• The output is taken from the
collector.
• Low input impedance.
• High output impedance.
• Current gain less than unity.
• Very high voltage gain.
• No phase shift between input
and output.
Calculations
Input impedance:
Z i  R E || re
Output impedance:
Zo  RC
Voltage gain:
Vo R C R C
Av   
Vi re re
Current gain:
I
A i  o     1
Ii
Common-Emitter Collector Feedback
Configuration
• This is a variation of the common-emitter fixed-bias configuration

• Input is applied to the base
• Output is taken from the collector
• There is a 180 phase shift between input and output
Calculations
Input impedance:
re
Zi 
1 RC

 RF
Output impedance:
Z o  R C || R F
Voltage gain:
Vo R
Av   C
Vi re
Current gain:
Io R F
Ai  
Ii R F  R C
I RF
Ai  o 
Ii RC
Collector DC Feedback Configuration
• This is a variation of the
common-emitter, fixed-bias
configuration
• The input is applied to the base
• The output is taken from the
collector
• There is a 180 phase shift
between input and output
Calculations
Input impedance:
re
Zi 
1 RC

 RF
Output impedance:
Z o  R C || R F
Voltage gain: Current gain:

Vo R Io R F
Av   C Ai  
Vi re Ii R F  R C
I RF
Ai  o 
I RC
i
Troubleshooting
Check the DC bias voltages
 If not correct, check power supply, resistors, transistor.

Also check the coupling capacitor between amplifier
stages.
Check the AC voltages
 If not correct check transistor, capacitors and the

loading effect of the next stage.

Chapter 5: BJT AC Analysis

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Chapter 5: BJT AC Analysis

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Chapter 5: BJT AC Analysis

BJT Transistor Modeling

• A model uses circuit elements that approximate the

• There are two models commonly used in small signal AC

• BJTs are basically current-controlled devices; therefore the re

• One disadvantage to this model is its sensitivity to the DC level.

• The input is applied to the base

Voltage gain: Current gain:

Current gain from voltage gain:

re model requires you to determine , re, and ro.

Current gain: Current gain from voltage gain:

• This is also known as the common-collector configuration.

Current gain from voltage gain:

• The input is applied to the

• This is a variation of the common-emitter fixed-bias configuration

Voltage gain: Current gain:

 If not correct, check power supply, resistors, transistor.

Check the AC voltages

 If not correct check transistor, capacitors and the

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