Welcome to the Universe

Presented by:The Trụ Gang

For people to better understand the universe and planets
around us. The universe is the place where everything began
and will be the end of every life we have known, the
fascinating attraction of the mysteries. Taking us further
than we thought, bending the limits that are thought to be
impossible goes against the rules of physics. Explore the
universe opens up new opportunities for humanity to know that
we are in a moment of history when everything is almost the
beginning and the end. Together go to the mysteries of
humanity.
CHAPTER
I) Definition 1: universe

II) Chronology And The Big Bang

1)Definition
The Universe is often defined as "the totality of existence", or everything that exists, everything
that has existed, and everything that will exist. The Universe is often defined as "the totality of
existence", or everything that exists, everything that has existed, and everything that will exist.
The physical Universe is defined as all of space and time (collectively referred to as spacetime)
and their contents. Such contents comprise all of energy in its various forms, including
electromagnetic radiation and matter, and therefore planets, moons, stars, galaxies, and the
contents of intergalactic space. The Universe also includes the physical laws that influence energy
and matter, such as conservation laws, classical mechanics, and relativity.
2) Chronology And The Big Bang
The initial hot, dense state is called the Planck epoch, a brief period extending from time
zero to one Planck time unit of approximately 10-43 seconds. During the Planck epoch, all
types of matter and all types of energy were concentrat The initial hot, dense state is called
the Planck epoch, a brief period extending from time zero to one Planck time unit of
approximately 10-43 seconds. During the Planck epoch, all types of matter and all types of
energy were concentrated into a dense state. Since the Planck epoch, space has been
expanding to its present scale, with a very short but intense period of cosmic inflation
believed to have occurred within the first 10-32 secondsed into a dense state. Since the
Planck epoch, space has been expanding to its present scale, with a very short but intense
period of cosmic inflation believed to have occurred within the first 10-32 seconds
 After nucleosynthesis ended, the universe entered a period known as the photon
epoch. During this period, the Universe was still far too hot for matter to form
neutral atoms, so it contained a hot, dense, foggy plasma of negatively charged
electrons, neutral neutrinos and positive nuclei. After about 377,000 years, the
universe had cooled enough that electrons and nuclei could form the first stable
atoms. This is known as recombination for historical reasons; in fact electrons and
nuclei were combining for the first time. Unlike plasma, neutral atoms are
cool wow transparent to many wavelengths of light, so for the first time the universe also
became transparent. The photons released "decoupled" when these atoms formed
nice
can still be seen today; they form the cosmic microwave background (CMB).
As the Universe expands, the energy density of electromagnetic radiation
decreases more quickly than does that of matter because the energy of a photon
decreases with its wavelength. At around 47,000 years, the energy density of
matter became larger than that of photons and neutrinos, and began to dominate
cool
bark the large scale behavior of the universe. This marked the end of the radiation-
dominated era and the start of the matter-dominated era.
In this diagram, time passes from left to right, so at any given time,
In this diagram, time passes from left to right, so at any given time,

the Universe is represented by a disk-shaped "slice" of the diagram

boyy  
CHAPTER 2 : OUR SOLAR SYSYTEM
I) The Sun
II) The Eight Planets
1) The Earth
2) Mercury - The Swiftest planet
3) Venus - The Hot spot planet
4) Mars – Interior planet
5) Jupiter – The gas giant planet
6) Saturn – Jewel of our solar system
7) Uranus – The Sideways planet
8) Neptune – The Windiest planet
*The Moon*
I) The Sun
The Sun is known as the heart of
our solar system, which is a yellow
dwarf star. It is discovered by the
Ancients. Its gravity holds the solar
system together, it keeps
everything, from the biggest planets
to the smallest particles of debris in
its orbit. The Sun is also control the
seasons, ocean currents, climate,
weather, especially the auroras.
Although we think it is very special,
there are billions of stars like our
Sun existing in the Milky Way
galaxy.
 I) The Sun
Due to chemical reactions and
the electric currents in the Sun,
an complex magnetic field is
formed and it carried out
through the solar system by
Solar Wind – a stream of
electrically charged gas blowing
outward the Sun in all directions.
II) The Eight Planets
 78.08% nitrogen (N2; dry air)
II) The Eight Planets 20.95% oxygen (O2)
1) The Earth ~ 1% water vapor (climate variable)
0.9340% argon
Our green planet keeps a distance of 150 million
0.0408% carbon dioxide
kilometers ( 1 AU). Until now scientists have 0.00182% neon
discovered some planet which people can live in it. 0.00052% helium
However its distance between our Earth and those 0.00017% methane
planets is very far. The Earth’s atmosphere contains 0.00011% krypton
about 79% nitrogen, 21% oxygen and 1% is other 0.00006% hydrogen
gases and it also has a special role in protecting our
planet. Without it, many meteoroid will hit our Earth,
destroying lives on it. Another thing will protect us is
Earth’s magnetosphere, it will stop the solar wind,
which is bad for our body and electric equipment. Its
radius is just over 6370 km.
II) The Eight Planets atomic oxygen
sodium
2) Mercury - The Swiftest planet magnesium
atomic hydrogen
The smallest planet in the entire solar potassium
calcium
system and the nearest to the Sun, it's only helium
slightly larger than our Moon. It keeps a Trace amounts of iron, aluminium, argon,
dinitrogen, dioxygen, carbon dioxide, water
distance of 58 million km (0.4 AU). Its radius vapor, xenon, krypton, and neon
is 2440 km. Due to its distance, it makes a
complete orbit around the Sun which is only
88 days and at a huge speed of 170 thousand
km/h. However, it spins slowly on its axis,
one day- night cycle on Mercury takes up to
176 Earth day.
 96.5% carbon dioxide
II) The Eight Planets 3.5% nitrogen
3) Venus - The Hot spot planet
0.015% sulfur dioxide
0.0070% argon
0.0020% water vapour
This planet is the same as our Earth 0.0017% carbon monoxide
about the radius. Its radius is over 6000 0.0012% helium
0.0007% neon
km, which is slightly smaller than Earth. Trace carbonyl sulfide
From an average distance of 108 million Trace hydrogen chloride
Trace hydrogen fluoride
kilometers, Venus is 0.7 astronomical
units away from the Sun. The sunlight
only take 6 minutes to go from the sun to
Venus. Its orbiting velocity is slower than
Mercury, which is 126 thousand km/h It
is a unique planet by orbiting backwards,
the Sun rises in West and sets in East.
 95.97% carbon dioxide
II) The Eight Planets 1.93% argon
1.89% nitrogen
4) Mars – Interior planet 0.146% oxygen
0.0557% carbon monoxide
When we hear its name and see it, we thought it’s 0.0210% water vapor
hot. However it’s a cold, dusty and desert planet. The 0.0100% nitrogen oxide
fourth planet keeps a distance of 228 million km 0.00025% neon
from the Sun (1,52 AU). From this distance, it takes 0.00008% hydrogen deuterium oxide
0.00003% krypton
sunlight 13 minutes to travel from the Sun to Mars.
0.00001% xenon
With a radius of 2,106 miles (3,390 kilometers),
Mars is about half the size of Earth. As Mars orbits
the Sun, it completes one rotation every 24.6 hours,
which is very similar to one day on Earth (23.9
hours). Therefore A year on Mars lasts 669.6 sols,
which is the same as 687 Earth days. (Sols: Solar
day)
II) The Eight Planets 89%±2.0% hydrogen (H2)
10%±2.0% helium (He)
5) Jupiter – The gas giant planet
0.3%±0.1% methane (CH4)
With a radius of 70 thousand km, its size is twice as
0.026%±0.004% ammonia (NH3)
massive as all the other planets combined. Although
0.0028%±0.001% hydrogen
the rings on Jupiter isn’t huge and bright like Saturn,
deuteride (HD)
Jupiter has rings through Voyager mission in 1979. Its
0.0006%±0.0002% ethane (C2H6)
atmosphere is made up of hydrogen (H2) and helium
0.0004%±0.0004% water (H2O)
(He), which makes it become a bright planet. Due to
its structure, Jupiter doesn’t have any true surface, it
has many layers of gases and those layers are 71 km
thick! Because of it, there are many unstoppable
storm and it happens for years. For example: The
Great Red Spot, a swirling oval of clouds twice as wide
as Earth, has been observed on the giant planet for
more than 300 years! More recently, three smaller
ovals merged to form the Little Red Spot, about half
the size of its larger cousin.
II) The Eight Planets 96.3%±2.4% hydrogen (H2)
6) Saturn – Jewel of our solar system 3.25%±2.4% helium (He)
0.45%±0.2% methane (CH4)
It is the second largest planet in solar system with a 0.0125%±0.0075% ammonia (NH3)
radius of 58 thousand km, it’s also the sixth planet. 0.0110%±0.0058% hydrogen
Like Jupiter, it’s also made up of hydrogen (H2) and deuteride (HD)
helium (He) in atmosphere. It is 1.5 billion km (9.5 0.0007%±0.00015% ethane (C2H6)
AU) away from the Sun. Sunlight takes 80 minutes to
travel from the Sun to this planet At Saturn's center
is a dense core of metals like iron and nickel
surrounded by rocky material and other compounds
solidified by the intense pressure and heat. However
it’s smaller than Mars. And Saturn is the only planet
in our solar system whose average density is less
than water. The giant gas planet could float in a
bathtub if such a colossal thing existed. Its
magnetosphere is smaller than Jupiter but it still
stronger than our Earth’s ones.
 83 ± 3% hydrogen (H2)
II) The Eight Planets 15 ± 3% helium (He)
2.3% methane (CH4)
7) Uranus – The Sideways planet 0.009% (0.007–0.015%) hydrogen deuteride
The seventh planet is discovered by William Herschel on (HD)
13th March 1781. The atmosphere contains hydrogen (H2), hydrogen sulfide (H2S)
helium (He) and methane (CH4). Like Jupiter and Saturn it ammonia (NH3)
also has rings, too. Its radius is 25 thousand km, which is 4 water (H2O)
times wider than our Earth. With a distance of 2.8 billion ammonium hydrosulfide (NH4SH)
methane hydrate
km (19.8 AU) away from the Sun. Behind its atmosphere is
made up of a hot dense fluid of "icy" materials—water,
methane and ammonia—above a small rocky core. Near
the core, it heats up to 50000C. The magnetosphere is
unusual, irregular shape
Therefore Auroras on Uranus are not in line with the poles (like
they are on Earth, Jupiter and Saturn) due to the lopsided magnetic
field. Uranus has two sets of rings. The inner system of nine rings
consists mostly of narrow, dark grey rings. There are two outer
rings: the innermost one is reddish like dusty rings elsewhere in the
solar system, and the outer ring is blue like Saturn's ring. Uranus
has 27 known moons. William Herschel
II) The Eight Planets 80%±3.2% hydrogen (H2)
8) Neptune – The Windiest planet 19%±3.2% helium (He)
1.5%±0.5% methane (CH4)
The last planet in the solar system, it also the
~0.019% hydrogen deuteride (HD)
furthest planet. More than 30 times as far from the ~0.00015% ethane (C2H6)
Sun as Earth, it takes 165 years to complete an ammonia (NH3)
orbit. Neptune is discovered through mathematical water (H2O)
calculation and prediction by Urbain Le Verrier, ammonium hydrosulfide (NH4SH)
John Couch Adams and Johann Galle on 23rd methane ice (?) (CH4·5.75H2O)
September 1846. With a radius of 24,622 km ,
Neptune is about four times wider than Earth. The
distance between Neptune and the Sun is 4.5 billion
km (30AU) so it takes sunlight 4 hours to travel
from the Sun to Neptune. The atmosphere of this
planet isn’t different from Uranus
II) The Eight Planets
*The Moon*
Our Moon is the brightest and most familiar object in UNKNOWN
the night sky. In many ways, the Moon is responsible for
making Earth such a great home. It stabilizes our
planet’s wobble, which has made the climate less
Maybe I’m too lazy though :v
variable over thousands of years.
Scientists say that when Earth was a young planet, a
large chunk of rock smashed into it, displacing a
portion of Earth's interior. The resulting chunks
clumped together and formed our Moon. With a radius
of 1738 km, the Moon is the fifth largest moon in our
entire solar system. The Moon is an average of 400
thousand km away. That means 30 Earth’s sized planet
could fit in between Earth and Moon.
III) Dwarf Planet
Dwarf planet is a planetary- mass object which does not dominate its
region of space and is not a satellite. It is formed by the International
Astronomical Union ( IAU) on 24th August 2006. According to IAU, these
planets are recognized as dwarf planet:
Pluto is not a planet ->

Pluto
HAUMEA
ERIS :V
CERES
 CHAPTER 3: beyond our solar system
I) Stars
II) Galaxy:
I) Stars
In a night without any city lights or clouds,
we can see about 3000 different stars in the
sky through our eyes. However, there are
billions stars in the sky that our eyes can’t
see them. The Sun is also a star, too, which is
nearest to Earth. A is an astronomical object
consisting of a luminous spheroid of plasma
held together by its own gravity. Many other
stars are visible to the naked eye from Earth
during the night, appearing as a multitude
of fixed luminous points in the sky due to
their immense distance from Earth.
I) Stars STARMIE 24

STARYU 20

A Star’s evolution and fate

 
II) Galaxy:
A galaxy is a collection (groups) of stars,
dust, gas and dark matter bound together
by gravity. There are countless galaxies
existing right now in space. It is categorized
as: Spiral (Milky Way, NGC 4414),
Elliptical (ESO 325-G004) or Irregular
(NGC 1427A). Many galaxies are thought to
have supermassive black holes at their
centers. Our Earth is in a galaxy called The
Milky Way and it has its black hole, too. It’s
known as Sagittarius A*, has a mass four
million times greater than the Sun. And its Spiral Galaxy
Elliptical
Irregular (The
Galaxy
Galaxy Milky
(ESO
(NGC Way)
325-G004)
1427A)
neighbor is galaxy Andromeda is larger
than our galaxies many times.
CHAPTER 4: Black hole
I) What is a black hole?
II) How is black hole formed?
III) Types of black hole
I) What is a black hole?
A black hole is a space - time has a
gravitational field so strong that no matter in
general occupies a certain mass and space or
radiation and light can escape. In theory, to
create a black hole, you can compress an
object into an incredibly small space, for
example, you can compress the Earth smaller
with a bean, you will have a black hole. This
theory is based on a concept called
Schwarzschild Radius, which describes the
radius of limitation if the object size is smaller
than this value, it will become a black hole.
According to this definition, the bigger a star
is, the bigger its Schwarzschild radius, which
means the bigger the black hole, the more
likely the star that made up it is.
II) How is black hole formed?
Usually, there is a constant battle
between two types of forces at all
stars: the star's gravity pulls all
matter inward and the thrust, the
pressure generated by nuclear
reactions in the core. substance out.
At the young stage of a star, these
two forces balance and keep the star
in a stable state, but as they age, the
material that gives the nuclear
reaction becomes exhausted, the
gravity becomes should prevail,
leading to the collapse of the stars,
then 3 cases occurred:
CHAPTER 5: JOURNEY TO
CONQUER
I) Journey to conquer space of
mankind
I) Journey to conquer space of mankind
Date Location Event
1675
1969
1843
1958
1582
1656
1668
1974
1608
1801
1609
1781
1923
140
1957
1659 A.D.
A.D.
A.D.
1976
1543
1905
1603
1914
1908
1962
1930
1846
1572
1872
1877
1961 A.D.
A.D. The
Near Moon
Netherlands
England
Mercury
Italy
France
Greece
U.S.A.
Russia
Mars
Poland
Denmark
U.S.A.
Germany While
Samuel
Pope
Explorer
Hans
Piazzi
Sputnik,
Huygens
The
Albert
Johann
Robert
John in
Hertzsprung
Clyde
Johann
Tycho
Henry
Asaph
Yuri Paris,
Armstrong and Aldrin walk
Heinrich
Gregory
Christian
The first 1 launched.
U.S. Mariner
Lippershey,
discovers
Galileo uses
Messier
Hubble shows discovers
Ptolemy suggests
first
discovery
U.S. Viking
notes
Copernicus publishes Danish
XIII
object
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Its me again ( ͡°
͜ʖ ͡°)
Trụ Edition
 *Rules are simple,you just have to
The name is The choose the right answer15 5 kitkats
Almighty (Trụ) *If you get it right,you14will earn my
5 lolipops
13 9 candies
reward like this 12 8 candies
*And if you get wrong,consequence
11 7 candies
will be severe: zero 10
candy
2 kitkats
9 3 lolipops
8 2 lolipops
Sometime,I may
And now,LET THE GAME give you a
7 BEGIN!!!
6 candies
lifeline so give yourself an6 5 candies
advantage all right? 5 A kit kat
4 4 candies
3 3 candies
2 2 candies
1 1 candy
 How Did The Solar System Form?

(A) The Big Boom (B) The Big Crash

(C) The Big Pop (D) The Big Bang
 1 CANDY

How Did The Solar System Form?

(A) The Big Boom (B) The Big Crash

(C) The Big Pop (D) The Big Bang
 How Many Planets Are In The Solar
System?
(A) 5 (B) 7
(C) 6 (D) 8
 2 CANDIES
How Many Planets Are In The Solar
System?
(A) 5 (B) 7
(C) 6 (D) 8
 What Can You Not Do In Space Without
Specialist Equipment?
(A) Talk (B) Feel

(C) Hear (D) Taste

 3 CANDIES
What Can You Not Do In Space Without
Specialist Equipment?
(A) Talk (B) Feel

(C) Hear (D) Taste

 What Is The Biggest Planet?

(A) Saturn (B) Jupiter

(C) Earth (D) Neptune
 4 CANDIES

What Is The Biggest Planet?

(A) Saturn (B) Jupiter

(C) Earth (D) Neptune
 Shadows are created when what is blocked out?

(A) The Earth (B) The Moon

(C) The Sun (D) The Trụ
 1 KITKAT

Shadows are created when what is blocked out?

(A) The Earth (B) The Moon

(C) The Sun (D) The Trụ
 The Earth revolves which celestial object?

(A) The Sun (B) The Moon

(C) The Neptune (D) The Sputnik
 5 CANDIES

The Earth revolves which celestial object?

(A) The Sun (B) The Moon

(C) The Neptune (D) The Sputnik
 What Is The Hottest Planet?

(A) Venus (B) Mercury

(C) Mars (D) Neptune
 6 CANDIES

What Is The Hottest Planet?

(A) Venus (B) Mercury

(C) Mars (D) Neptune
 You know I’m a nice guy
right, so here ,have this one

The Core Of The Sun Can Reach

How many degrees?
(A) 20 million (B) 15 million
(C) 10 million (D) 100 million
 I think the answer is
B,also I very need to go
to pee…
 2 LOLIPOPS
The Core Of The Sun Can Reach
How many degrees?
(A) 20 million (B) 15 million
million
(C) 10 million (D) 100 million
 Oxygen Covers What Percentage Of
The Gases On Earth?

(A) 93% (B) 63%

(C) 33% (D) 21%
 3 LOLIPOPS
Oxygen Covers What Percentage Of
The Gases On Earth?

(A) 93% (B) 63%

(C) 33% (D) 21%

 Looks like you having a
trouble,here take this

How Many Years Ago Was The Solar

System Formed?
(A) 1.3 Billion (B) 7.8 Billion

(C) 4.6 Billion (D) 3.9 Billion

 2 KITKATS
How Many Years Ago Was The Solar
System Formed?
(A) 1.3 Billion
(C) 4.6 Billion
 How Many Miles Per Hour Does A
Satellite Do Around Earth?

(A) 10,000mph (B) 50,000mph

(C) 26,000mph (D) 17,000mph
 7 CANDIES
How Many Miles Per Hour Does A
Satellite Do Around Earth?

(A) 10,000mph (B) 50,000mph

(C) 26,000mph (D) 17,000mph
 Light Travels At How Many
Kilometres Per Second In Space?

(A) 100,000 (B) 300,000

(C) 450,000 (D) 275,500
 8 CANDIES
Light Travels At How Many
Kilometres Per Second In Space?

(A) 100,000 (B) 300,000

(C) 450,000 (D) 275,500
 Hey,this is is a one tough
question,use this

How Many People Have Landed On

The Moon?

(A) 12 (B) 10
(C) 13 (D) 11
 9 CANDIES
How Many People Have Landed On
The Moon?

(A) 12 (B) 10
(C) 13 (D) 11
 Which of these astrounaut is a member
of Expedition 2?
(A) James Voss (B) Sally Ride
(C) Judith Resnik (D) Susan Helms
 5 LOLIPOPS

Which of these astrounaut is a member

of Expedition 2?
(A) James Voss (B) Sally Ride
(C) Judith Resnik (D) Susan Helms
 FINAL QUESTION

In the year she turned into 114,the world’s oldest living person
Misao Okawa of Japan,accomplished the rare feat of having
lived for how long?

(A) 50,000 days (B) 2,000 weeks

(C) 10,000 months (D) 1 million hours
 5 KITKATS
CANDILLIONAIRE

In the year she turned into 114,the world’s oldest living person
Misao Okawa of Japan,accomplished the rare feat of having
lived for how long?

(A) 50,000 days (B) 2,000 weeks

(C) 10,000 months (D) 1 million hours
Thanks for Watching :3