09 WDM Principle ISSUE1 (1) .20

Internal
OTC000003 WDM
Principle
ISSUE 1.20 www.huawei.com
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved

 With the development of telecommunication,
the requirements of the transmission capacity

and service categories are becoming bigger
and bigger, under this background, WDM
technology emerged. What is WDM?
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 2

After studying, you are able to…
 Understand and master the basic concepts and
transmission modes, structure of WDM;
 Understand WDM transmission media;
 Understand technical principle and key technologies of
DWDM;
 Understand technology specification for WDM system.

Chapter 1 WDM Overview
Chapter 2 WDM Transmission Media
Chapter 3 DWDM Key Technologies
Chapter 4 Technology Specifications for

WDM System

Development of DWDM
1.Growth of voice ,data ,new services

2.Desire for information ,communication
1.Developed rapidly :
4×2.5Gb/s→32×10Gb/s→1.6Tb/s
2.Developing trend: OADM , OXC…

How to increase network capacity ？
 DWDM is a quick, economical and mature method
 High rate TDM signal STM-1→STM-16→ STM-64
 SDM － add fiber, equipment （ time &cos

t）

What's WDM ？
Gas Station
Free Way
Prowl Car

WDM Concept
 Different signals with specific
wavelength are multiplexed into
a fiber for transmission.
SDH signal
IP package
ATM cells
1 1 2 n
2 ┉
┋

Structure of WDM System
Tx1 D Rx1
M E
Tx2 U OLA M Rx2
X U
Txn X
Rxn
OSC OSC OSC OSC

Unidirectional WDM Transmission
Single fiber unidirectional transmission

Bi-directional WDM Transmission
Single fiber bi-directional transmission

Application modes-open system
DMUX MUX
OTU OTU
Access channels
Optical amplifier
OSC
 Open WDM system has no special requirements for multiplex termi

nal optical interfaces, the only requirement is that these interfaces m
eet the optical interface standards defined in ITU-T.

Application modes-integrated system
DMUX MUX
Access channels
Optical amplifier
OSC
 Integrated WDM system does not adopt the wavelength conversion

technology, instead, it requires that the wavelength of the optical
signals at the multiplex terminal conforms to the specifications for the
WDM system.

WDM System Compositions
The overall structure of the WDM system of N-path wavelength:
 Optical wavelength conversion unit (OTU)
 Optical De-multiplexer Unit / optical Multiplexer Unit (ODU/OMU)
 Optical Amplifier (OA)
 Optical Supervisory Channel (OSC)
OSC

Advantages of DWDM
 Transparent media
 Long haul transmission
 High capacity
 Use existing optical fibers
 High performance-to-cost ratio
 Reliability
 Easy upgrading

Brief Introduction to CWDM
 CWDM （ Coarse Wavelength Division Multiplex ）
Difference between CWDM and DWDM:

 Carrier channel spacing of CWDM is wide;
 CWDM modulate laser adopts the uncooled laser;
 The CWDM currently used generally works from 1271nm to 1611nm, th

e spacing is 20nm, and can multiplex 18 wavelength channels;
 The CWDM greatly reduces the system cost while providing certain am
ount of wavelength and transmission distance within 100 km.

Questions
1. What are WDM, DWDM and CWDM?
2. Briefly introduce two transmission modes of WDM equipment.
3. What is the open and integrated system?
4. Briefly introduce the composition of the WDM system.

Summary
In this chapter, we have learned :

 The basic concepts and principle of WDM
technologies;
 The development of WDM technologies;
 The working modes, structures and chara

cteristics of WDM system.


WDM System

Structure of Optical Fiber
Coating Cladding Core
n2 n1
− Optical fiber consists of a cylindrical glass core, a glass cladding

and a plastic wear-resisting coating.

Attenuation of Optical Fiber
5dB/km
Attenuation (dB/km)
4dB/km
3dB/km
2dB/km
1dB/km

Dispersion
DATA IN DATA OUT
Input Optical
laser receiver
L
The chromatic dispersion
in the fiber causes
different wavelengths to
travel at different speeds,
Input laser is not and propagation delay. The different wavelengths
monochromatic, it is arrive at different times to
composed of many BROAD, smeared, or
wavelengths or colour. DISPERSED output pulse.

Dispersion
G.652:widely used, need
G.653: Zero dispersion
dispersion compensation
at 1550nm windows.
for high rate transmission
G.655 fiber with positive

Dispersion coefficient dispersion coefficient
(ps/nm¡ ¤km) G.653 fiber
17
G.652 fiber
G.655 fiber with negative

dispersion coefficient
1310 Wavelength¦ Ë
(nm)
1550
1.Least attenuation & dispersion at

1550nm windows, suitable for DWDM,
avoid FWM effectively;
2.TrueWave fiber, LEAF, etc.

Dispersion Compensation
 The pulse will be broadened because of
 positive dispersion coefficient

 positive dispersion slope at 1550nm
 DCF has negative dispersion coefficient, it can counteract

positive dispersion in transmission.

Questions
 What are the basic structures and types of optical fibers?
 What kinds of dispersion are there in the optical fiber?

Summary
In this chapter, we have learned :

 The basic structures and types of o
ptical fibers;
 The characteristics of optical fibers.


WDM System

DWDM System Key Technologies
Optical Source Optical Amplifiers
Optical Supervisory Multiplexer and

光监控技术
Technologies Demultiplexer

Requirements of Optical Source
1) Larger dispersion tolerance value;
2) Standard and stable wavelength.

Laser
 1 Direct modulation
 2 Electro-absorption (EA) external modulator
 3 Mach-Zehnder (M-Z) external modulator

Direct modulation
LD
Current Laser
 Output laser is controlled by input current
 Transmission rate≤2.5Gb/s
 Transmission distance≤100km

Electro-absorption (EA)
LD EA
Voltage applied
 Support long haul transmission (2.5Gb/s > 600km)
 Less chirp
 High Dispersion tolerance(2.5Gb/s: 7200~12800ps/nm)
 High reliability

Mach-Zehnder external modulator （ M-Z ）
LD
 Long dispersion limited distance
 High cost
 Negligible chirp
 High dispersion tolerance

Comparision of Modulation
Types Direct EA Modulator M-Z Modulator

Modulator
Max.dispersion 1200~4000 7200~12800 >12800

toleration
(ps/nm)
Cost moderate expensive Very expensive
Wavelength good better best

Stability

Optical Amplifiers
Semiconductor Optical
Amplifier (SOA)
Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier (EDFA)
Raman Fiber Amplifier (RFA)

Erbium-doped Optical Fiber Amplifier (EDFA)
E3 excited state
Decay
E2 meta-stable state
Pump
light
1550nm
1550nm signal light
signal light
E1 ground state
EDFA energy level diagram

Typical internal structure of EDFA
Optical splitter ISO WDM WDM Optical coupler

Signal input
TAP
Optical isolator EDF
PD Pumping laser
Pumping laser
EDF
ISO
Signal output TAP
PD Optical detector

Advantages and Disadvantages of EDFA
Major advantages of EDFA:

 Its working wavelength is consistent with the minimum attenuation
window of the mono-mode optical fiber .
 High coupling efficiency.
 High energy conversion efficiency.
 High gain, low noise figure, large output power and minimum cross-talk.
 Stable gain characteristics.
Major disadvantages of EDFA:

 The gain wavelength range is fixed.
 Gain bandwidth unflatness.
 Optical surge problem.

Impact of Gain Flatness in Long Haul Transmission
Cascading amplification of amplifier gain unflatness
Cascading amplification of amplifier gain flatness

Gain Locking
Drop
>1dB
<0.5dB

Gain Locking
Add
>1dB
<0.5dB

The Operating Theory of Raman Fiber Amplifier
 Stimulated Raman Scattering(SRS)
Gain
Pump
30nm
13THz (~100nm)

Characteristics of Raman Fiber Amplifier
 Its gain wavelength is determined by the pumping light
wavelength.
 The gain medium is the transmission fiber itself.
 Low noise . GAIN
PUMP1 PUMP2 PUMP3
30nm
70~100nm
Span 1 Span k
EDFA EDFA
transmitting Receiving
Raman Pump Raman Pump

Advantages of RFA
Advantages:
 Gain wavelength is determined by the pumping light wavelength;
 Simple structure of amplifier;
 Nonlinear effect can be reduced;
 Low noise.

Disadvantages of RFA
Disadvantages:
 High pump power,low efficiency and high cost;
 Instantaneous gain, adopting backward pump fashion;
 Optical components and optical fiber undertake high optical power;
 Characteristics of gain online are not consistent.

Application of OA
According to its application:

 BA: Booster amplifier
 LA: Line amplifier
 PA: Pre-amplifier

Multiplexer and De-multiplexer
Multilpexer Demultiplexer

  n
  n
n

 n 

n

Optical Grating Type DWDM Component
Ultraviole light interference
¦ Ë
1¦ Ë
2¦ Ë
3 ¦ Ë
2
Periodic variation of the refractive index (grating)

Dielectric film filter type
λ 1-4 λ 1 filter
Self-focusing lens
λ1
λ 3 filter
λ2
λ3
λ4
Glass

Integrated Optical Waveguide type: AWG
Waveguide
grating
λ1¡ ¡ λ2
Free space
Fan-like
Fan-like
waveguide
waveguide
 Small spacing
Large number of channels
Flat pass-band

Optical supervisory channel
 Transmit related management , supervision information
 Operating wavelength 1510nm

 Monitoring rate: 2Mb/s
 add/extract
 Requirement: Not limit pumping wavelength of OA, not limit 1310n
m service, available when OA fails, long distance transmission

Typical frame structure of OSC
0 1 2 3 14 15 16 31
TS0: FAS
TS1: E1
TS2: F1
TS3-TS14: D1-D12
TS15: E2
TS16-TS31: reserved

OSC transmission
O F F P O
B
A I I A
M D
U U
OSC input OSC output

Questions
 What are electro-absorption laser modulation scheme and M-Z
modulation scheme?
 How many types are there for the wavelength division multiplexer?
What are their individual characteristics?
 Which are the kinds of optical amplifiers? Describe gain flat control
and gain lock of EDFA.
 What are optical supervisory channel wavelength and supervisory
rate of DWDM?

Summary
In this chapter, we have learned:

 Optical source;
 Optical amplifier;
 Wavelength division Multiplexer;
 Optical supervisory channel.


WDM System

Related ITU-T recommendations
 G.652 Characteristics of a single-mode optical fiber cable
 G.655 Characteristics of a dispersion-shifted SMF
 G.661/G.662/G.663 Relevant recommendations of OA
 G.671 Characteristics of passive optical components
 G.957 Optical interfaces relating to SDH system
 G.691 Optical interfaces for single channel STM-64,
STM-256 systems and other SDH systems with OA
 G.692 Optical interfaces for multi-channel systems with OA
 G.709 Interfaces for the optical transport network (OTN)

Definition of Transmission Channel Reference Points

Distribution of Optical Wavelength Areas
 A fiber has two long wavelength and low loss windows, 1310nm
window and 1550nm window. But the commonly used working
wavelength range for the erbium-doped optical amplifier is 192.1-
196.1THz.Therefore the working wavelength area for wavelength
division multiplexing system is 192.1-196.1THz.
 Nominal central frequency refers to the central wavelength

corresponding to each channel in optical wavelength division
multiplexing systems. Channel frequency allowed in G.692 is based
on frequency and spacing series of reference frequency 193.1THz
and minimum spacing 100GHz or 50GHz.

Questions
 Which are the ITU-T recommendations involved for WDM part?
 What is the absolute reference frequency for optical wavelength

division multiplexing systems? What is their channel spacing?

Summary
In this chapter, we have learned:

 Related ITU-T recommendations
 Distribution of Optical Wavelength

Areas

Thank You
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ISSUE 1.20 www.huawei.com

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved

the requirements of the transmission capacity

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 2

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 3

Chapter 2 WDM Transmission Media

Chapter 3 DWDM Key Technologies

Chapter 4 Technology Specifications for

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 4

1.Growth of voice ,data ,new services

2.Developing trend: OADM , OXC…

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 5

 DWDM is a quick, economical and mature method

 High rate TDM signal STM-1→STM-16→ STM-64

 SDM － add fiber, equipment （ time &cos

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 6

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 7

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 8

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 9

Single fiber unidirectional transmission

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 10

Single fiber bi-directional transmission

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 11

 Open WDM system has no special requirements for multiplex termi

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 12

 Integrated WDM system does not adopt the wavelength conversion

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 13

 Optical De-multiplexer Unit / optical Multiplexer Unit (ODU/OMU)

 Optical Amplifier (OA)

 Optical Supervisory Channel (OSC)

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 14

 Long haul transmission

 Use existing optical fibers

 High performance-to-cost ratio

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 15

 CWDM （ Coarse Wavelength Division Multiplex ）

Difference between CWDM and DWDM:

 The CWDM currently used generally works from 1271nm to 1611nm, th

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 16

1. What are WDM, DWDM and CWDM?

2. Briefly introduce two transmission modes of WDM equipment.

3. What is the open and integrated system?

4. Briefly introduce the composition of the WDM system.

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 17

In this chapter, we have learned :

 The working modes, structures and chara

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 18

Chapter 2 WDM Transmission Media

Chapter 3 DWDM Key Technologies

Chapter 4 Technology Specifications for

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 19

Coating Cladding Core

− Optical fiber consists of a cylindrical glass core, a glass cladding

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 20

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 21

DATA IN DATA OUT