BASIC PRINCIPLES of SOIL

( PENGERTIAN DASAR TANAH)

 SOIL PENGERTIAN TANAH
MECHANICS ( DESCRIPTION of SOIL )
-1
Hasrullah, ST., MT.

BASIC
BASIC PRINCIPLES
PRINCIPLES Tanah didefinisikan sebagai material yang terdiri dari agregat
of
of SOIL
SOIL (butiran) mineral padat yang tidak tersementasikan (terikat secara
kimia) satu sama lain dari bahan-bahan organik yang telah melapuk
1. Description of Soil
disertai dengan zat cair dan gas mengisi ruang-ruang kosong di
2. Soil Problems in antara partikel-partikel padat tersebut.
Civil Engineering

3. Soil Formation and

Soil Deposits

4. Soil Texture &

Particle Shape TANAH PENDUKUNG
PONDASI DARI
5. Soil Mineralogy BANGUNAN dan
SEBAGAI MATERIAL
KONSTRUKSI
 SOIL PERMASALAHAN TANAH dalam TEKNIK SIPIL
MECHANICS ( SOIL PROBLEMS in CIVIL ENGINEERING)
-1
Hasrullah, ST., MT.

BASIC
BASIC PRINCIPLES
PRINCIPLES
of
of SOIL
SOIL

1. Description of Soil

2. Soil Problems in
Civil Engineering

3. Soil Formation and

Soil Deposits

4. Soil Texture &

Particle Shape

5. Soil Mineralogy
 SOIL
MECHANICS
-1
Hasrullah, ST., MT.

BASIC
BASIC PRINCIPLES
PRINCIPLES
of
of SOIL
SOIL

1. Description of Soil

2. Soil Problems in
Civil Engineering

3. Soil Formation and

Soil Deposits

4. Soil Texture &

Particle Shape

5. Soil Mineralogy
 SOIL
MECHANICS
-1
Hasrullah, ST., MT.

BASIC
BASIC PRINCIPLES
PRINCIPLES
of
of SOIL
SOIL

1. Description of Soil

2. Soil Problems in
Civil Engineering

3. Soil Formation and

Soil Deposits

4. Soil Texture &

Particle Shape

5. Soil Mineralogy
 SOIL
MECHANICS
-1
Hasrullah, ST., MT.

BASIC
BASIC PRINCIPLES
PRINCIPLES
of
of SOIL
SOIL

1. Description of Soil

2. Soil Problems in
Civil Engineering

3. Soil Formation and

Soil Deposits

4. Soil Texture &

Particle Shape

5. Soil Mineralogy
 SOIL
MECHANICS
-1
Hasrullah, ST., MT.

BASIC
BASIC PRINCIPLES
PRINCIPLES
of
of SOIL
SOIL

1. Description of Soil

2. Soil Problems in
Civil Engineering

3. Soil Formation and

Soil Deposits

4. Soil Texture &

Particle Shape

5. Soil Mineralogy
 SOIL
MECHANICS
-1
Hasrullah, ST., MT.

BASIC
BASIC PRINCIPLES
PRINCIPLES
of
of SOIL
SOIL

1. Description of Soil

2. Soil Problems in
Civil Engineering

3. Soil Formation and

Soil Deposits

4. Soil Texture &

Particle Shape

5. Soil Mineralogy
 SOIL
MECHANICS
-1
Hasrullah, ST., MT.

BASIC
BASIC PRINCIPLES
PRINCIPLES
of
of SOIL
SOIL

1. Description of Soil

2. Soil Problems in
Civil Engineering

3. Soil Formation and

Soil Deposits

4. Soil Texture &

Particle Shape

5. Soil Mineralogy
 SOIL
MECHANICS
-1
Hasrullah, ST., MT.

BASIC
BASIC PRINCIPLES
PRINCIPLES
of
of SOIL
SOIL

1. Description of Soil

2. Soil Problems in
Civil Engineering

3. Soil Formation and

Soil Deposits

4. Soil Texture &

Particle Shape

5. Soil Mineralogy
 SOIL PEMBENTUKAN dan KANDUNGAN TANAH
MECHANICS ( SOIL FORMATION and SOIL DEPOSITS )
-1
Hasrullah, ST., MT.

BASIC
BASIC PRINCIPLES
PRINCIPLES
of
of SOIL
SOIL

1. Description of Soil

2. Soil Problems in
Civil Engineering

3. Soil Formation and

Soil Deposits

4. Soil Texture &

Particle Shape

5. Soil Mineralogy
 SOIL
MECHANICS
-1
Hasrullah, ST., MT.

BASIC
BASIC PRINCIPLES
PRINCIPLES
of
of SOIL
SOIL

1. Description of Soil

2. Soil Problems in
Civil Engineering

3. Soil Formation and

Soil Deposits

4. Soil Texture &

Particle Shape

5. Soil Mineralogy
 SOIL
MECHANICS
-1
Hasrullah, ST., MT.
Tanah merupakan hasil pelapukan batuan
BASIC
Dikelompokkan dalam 2 group besar,
BASIC PRINCIPLES
PRINCIPLES
of
of SOIL
SOIL
yaitu:

1. Description of Soil a. Tanah yang terjadi oleh penumpukan produk

pelapukan batuan
2. Soil Problems in ditempat asalnya : TANAH RESIDU =
Civil Engineering
residual soils
3. Soil Formation and
Soil Deposits b. Tanah yang terjadi oleh produk pelapukan
yang kemudian terbawa ke tempat lain :
4. Soil Texture & TANAH SEDIMEN = transported soils
Particle Shape

5. Soil Mineralogy
 SOIL
MECHANICS
-1
Hasrullah, ST., MT.
A. TANAH RESIDU
BASIC
(RESIDUAL SOIL):
BASIC PRINCIPLES
PRINCIPLES
of
of SOIL
SOIL --------------------------
Tanah
1. Description of Soil yang
Terbentuk
2. Soil Problems in oleh
Civil Engineering
penumpukan
3. Soil Formation and produk
Soil Deposits pelapukan
batuan
4. Soil Texture & ditempat
Particle Shape Asalnya.

5. Soil Mineralogy
 SOIL
MECHANICS
-1
Hasrullah, ST., MT.

BASIC
BASIC PRINCIPLES
PRINCIPLES b.1. Tanah glacial
of
of SOIL
SOIL
Terbentuk karena
1. Description of Soil produk pelapukan
terangkut dan
2. Soil Problems in terdeposisi oleh
Civil Engineering es atau oleh
gletser
3. Soil Formation and (sungai es).
Soil Deposits

4. Soil Texture &

Particle Shape

5. Soil Mineralogy
 SOIL
MECHANICS
-1
Hasrullah, ST., MT.

BASIC
BASIC PRINCIPLES
PRINCIPLES b.2. Tanah aeolian
of
of SOIL
SOIL

1. Description of Soil
Terbentuk
2. Soil Problems in karena produk
Civil Engineering pelapukan
terangkut
3. Soil Formation and dan terdeposisi
Soil Deposits oleh
angin
4. Soil Texture &
Particle Shape

5. Soil Mineralogy
 SOIL
MECHANICS
-1
Fuad Harwadi, ST., MT.

BASIC
BASIC PRINCIPLES
PRINCIPLES
of
of SOIL
SOIL b.3. Tanah aluvial

1. Description of Soil Terbentuk

2. Soil Problems in
karena
Civil Engineering produk pelapukan
terangkut
3. Soil Formation and oleh
Soil Deposits air dan
terdeposisi
4. Soil Texture & sepanjang sungai
Particle Shape

5. Soil Mineralogy
 SOIL TEKSTUR TANAH & BENTUK PARTIKEL
MECHANICS ( SOIL TEXTURE & PARTICLE SHAPE)
-1
Hasrullah, ST., MT.

BASIC
BASIC PRINCIPLES
PRINCIPLES
of
of SOIL
SOIL

1. Description of Soil

2. Soil Problems in
Civil Engineering

3. Soil Formation and

Soil Deposits

4. Soil Texture &

Particle Shape

5. Soil Mineralogy
 SOIL An Introduction to Geotechnical
MECHANICS Engineering (Robert D. Holtz & William D.Kovacs, 1981)
-1
Hasrullah, ST., MT.

BASIC
BASIC PRINCIPLES
PRINCIPLES
of
of SOIL
SOIL

1. Description of Soil

2. Soil Problems in
Civil Engineering

3. Soil Formation and

Soil Deposits

4. Soil Texture &

Particle Shape

5. Soil Mineralogy
 SOIL
MECHANICS
-1
Hasrullah, ST., MT. PARTIKEL TANAH

BASIC
BASIC PRINCIPLES
PRINCIPLES
of
of SOIL
SOIL

1. Description of Soil

2. Soil Problems in
Civil Engineering

3. Soil Formation and

Soil Deposits

4. Soil Texture &

Particle Shape

5. Soil Mineralogy
 SOIL
MECHANICS
-1
Hasrullah, ST., MT.

BASIC
BASIC PRINCIPLES
PRINCIPLES
of
of SOIL
SOIL

1. Description of Soil

2. Soil Problems in
Civil Engineering

3. Soil Formation and

Soil Deposits

4. Soil Texture &

Particle Shape

5. Soil Mineralogy
 SOIL
MECHANICS
-1
Hasrullah, ST., MT.

BASIC
BASIC PRINCIPLES
PRINCIPLES
of
of SOIL
SOIL

1. Description of Soil

2. Soil Problems in
Civil Engineering

3. Soil Formation and

Soil Deposits

4. Soil Texture &

Particle Shape

5. Soil Mineralogy
 SOIL
MECHANICS
-1
Hasrullah, ST., MT.

BASIC
BASIC PRINCIPLES
PRINCIPLES
of
of SOIL
SOIL

1. Description of Soil

2. Soil Problems in
Civil Engineering

3. Soil Formation and

Soil Deposits

4. Soil Texture &

Particle Shape

5. Soil Mineralogy
 SOIL
MECHANICS MINERAL TANAH
-1
Hasrullah, ST., MT. ( SOIL MINERALOGY)

BASIC
BASIC PRINCIPLES
PRINCIPLES
of
of SOIL
SOIL

1. Description of Soil
MINERAL BUKAN LEMPUNG MINERAL TANAH LEMPUNG
2. Soil Problems in ( NONCLAY MINERALS IN SOILS) ( CLAY MINERALS)
Civil Engineering

3. Soil Formation and

Soil Deposits
KERIKIL (GRAVEL)
4. Soil Texture &
PASIR (SAND)
Particle Shape
LANAU (SILT)
5. Soil Mineralogy
GAMBUT (PEAT)
 SOIL
MINERAL BUKAN LEMPUNG
MECHANICS ( NONCLAY MINERALS IN SOILS)
-1
Hasrullah, ST., MT.

BASIC
BASIC PRINCIPLES
PRINCIPLES  Karakter fisik ditentukan terutama oleh :
of
of SOIL
SOIL  Ukuran partikel
1. Description of Soil
 Bentuk
 Texture permukaan
2. Soil Problems in  Distribusi ukuran
Civil Engineering

3. Soil Formation and

 Material ini dihasilkan dari suatu proses pelapukan dan
Soil Deposits
pecahnya batuan lama karena pengaruh cuaca.
4. Soil Texture &
Particle Shape
 Jenis mineral yang paling banyak terdapat dalam tanah
5. Soil Mineralogy
adalah QUARTZ.
 SOIL
MINERAL BUKAN LEMPUNG
MECHANICS ( NONCLAY MINERALS IN SOILS)
-1
Hasrullah, ST., MT.

BASIC
BASIC PRINCIPLES
PRINCIPLES
of
of SOIL
SOIL X-RD
1. Description of Soil

2. Soil Problems in
Civil Engineering

3. Soil Formation and

Soil Deposits

4. Soil Texture &

Particle Shape

5. Soil Mineralogy
 SOIL
MECHANICS
-1
Hasrullah, ST., MT.

BASIC
BASIC PRINCIPLES
PRINCIPLES
of
of SOIL
SOIL

1. Description of Soil

2. Soil Problems in
Civil Engineering

3. Soil Formation and

Soil Deposits

4. Soil Texture &

Particle Shape

5. Soil Mineralogy
 SOIL
MECHANICS Gambar Bentuk
-1
Hasrullah, ST., MT. Pasir dan Partikel
Lanau.
BASIC
BASIC PRINCIPLES
PRINCIPLES
of
of SOIL
SOIL

1. Description of Soil

2. Soil Problems in
Civil Engineering

3. Soil Formation and

Soil Deposits

4. Soil Texture &

Particle Shape

5. Soil Mineralogy
 SOIL
MINERAL LEMPUNG
MECHANICS ( CLAY MINERALS)
-1
Hasrullah, ST., MT.

BASIC
BASIC PRINCIPLES
PRINCIPLES SUSUNAN TANAH LEMPUNG
of
of SOIL
SOIL
 Merupakan koloid yg sangat kecil < 0,002 mm
1. Description of Soil

2. Soil Problems in  Partikel lempung berbentuk seperti lembaran/lempengan

Civil Engineering yg memiliki struktur atom yang berulang dan permukaan
3. Soil Formation and
yang khusus, sehingga tanah lempung sangat
Soil Deposits dipengaruhi oleh gaya-gaya permukaan.

4. Soil Texture &

Particle Shape  Susunan kebanyakan tanah lempung terdiri dari :
 Silika Tetrahedra ( 1 silikon + 4 Oksigen)
5. Soil Mineralogy  Aluminium Oktahedra ( 1 Aluminium + 6 Oksigen)
 SOIL
MECHANICS
-1
Hasrullah, ST., MT.

BASIC
BASIC PRINCIPLES
PRINCIPLES
of
of SOIL
SOIL

1. Description of Soil

2. Soil Problems in
Civil Engineering

3. Soil Formation and

Soil Deposits

4. Soil Texture &

Gambar SILIKIA TETRAHEDRA
Particle Shape (a) Tetrahedron ; (b) Silica Sheet
5. Soil Mineralogy
 SOIL
MECHANICS
-1
Hasrullah, ST., MT.

BASIC
BASIC PRINCIPLES
PRINCIPLES
of
of SOIL
SOIL

1. Description of Soil

2. Soil Problems in
Civil Engineering

3. Soil Formation and

Soil Deposits
Gambar ALUMINIUM OKTAHEDRA
4. Soil Texture &
Particle Shape
(c) Octahedron ; (d) Alumina Sheet

5. Soil Mineralogy
 SOIL
MECHANICS JENIS MINERAL TANAH LEMPUNG
-1
Hasrullah, ST., MT.

BASIC
BASIC PRINCIPLES
PRINCIPLES
of
of SOIL
SOIL YANG DOMINAN :
1. Description of Soil Mineral Formulasi Struktural
2. Soil Problems in Kaolinite Si2 Al2 O5 (OH)4
Civil Engineering
Illite Si3.5 Al0.5 (Mg2 Fe) O10 (OH)2 K0.7
3. Soil Formation and
Soil Deposits
Monmorillonite / Bentonite Si4 (Al1.7 Mg0.3 ) O10 (OH)2 K0.3
Dan lain-lain.
4. Soil Texture &
Particle Shape

5. Soil Mineralogy
 SOIL
MECHANICS
-1
Hasrullah, ST., MT. S.E.M
BASIC
BASIC PRINCIPLES
PRINCIPLES Scanning Electron Microscope
of
of SOIL
SOIL

1. Description of Soil

2. Soil Problems in
Civil Engineering

3. Soil Formation and

Soil Deposits

4. Soil Texture &

Particle Shape

5. Soil Mineralogy
 SOIL KAOLINITE
MECHANICS
-1
Hasrullah, ST., MT. • Ukuran : < 2µm
• Particle Shape : Platy
BASIC
BASIC PRINCIPLES
PRINCIPLES • Thick of layer : 7Å
of
of SOIL
SOIL • Specific Surface : ± 20
m2/g
1. Description of Soil
• Specific Gravity : 2.60 Diagram of the structure of
2. Soil Problems in • PI : 1 – 40 kaolinite
Civil Engineering %
• Thixotropie : Weak
3. Soil Formation and
Soil Deposits • Swelling : NOT

4. Soil Texture &

Particle Shape

5. Soil Mineralogy
Electron photomicrograph of well-
crystallized kaolinite from St Austell,
Cornwall, England.
 SOIL ILLITE
MECHANICS
-1
Hasrullah, ST., MT. • Particle size : < 2µm
• Particle Shape : Platy
BASIC
BASIC PRINCIPLES
PRINCIPLES • Thick of layer : 10 - 12 Å
of
of SOIL
SOIL • Specific Surface : ± 115 m2/g
• Specific Gravity : 2.80
1. Description of Soil
• PI : 20 – 50 %
2. Soil Problems in • Thixotropie : Weak Diagram of the structure of Illite
Civil Engineering • Swelling : WEAK
3. Soil Formation and
Soil Deposits

4. Soil Texture &

Particle Shape Scanning electron photomicrograph of illite-
smectite clay in a tight gas reservoir pore
5. Soil Mineralogy space. Clays in the tight rocks complicate
interpretation of reservoir quality and can
impede gas recovery. Bar is 10 micrometers
long.
 SOIL MONTMORILLONI
MECHANICS TE
-1
Hasrullah, ST., MT. • Ukuran : < 0,5 µm
• Particle Shape : Platy
BASIC
BASIC PRINCIPLES
PRINCIPLES • Thick of layer : 11 - 15 Å
of
of SOIL
SOIL • Specific Surface : ± 80 m2/g
• Specific Gravity : 2.65 – 2.80
1. Description of Soil
• PI : 300 – 600
2. Soil Problems in %
Civil Engineering • Thixotropie : High
• Swelling : HIGH
3. Soil Formation and Diagram of the structure of
Soil Deposits monmorillonite

4. Soil Texture &

Particle Shape

5. Soil Mineralogy

Scanning Electron photomicrograph of

monmorillonite (bentonite)