Chemistry 2: Unit 3 Acids-Bases and Salt

Chemistry 2
Unit 3
Acids-Bases and Salt
Pajuzi Awang
IPG KAMPUS DATO’ RAZALI ISMAIL
Acids and Bases
 Bronsted Lowry Acids and Bases
 Autoionization of Water
 pH
 Strong Acids and Bases
 Weak Acids and Bases
 Ionization Constants
 Lewis Acids and Bases
 The Common Ion Effect
 Buffers
 Titrations
Review
 Arrhenius Acid
– Substance that increases the

concentration of H+ ions when
dissolved in water
H2O
HCl (g) H+ (aq) + Cl- (aq)
Review
 Arrhenius Base
– Substance that increases the

concentration of OH- ions when
dissolved in water.
H2O
NaOH (s) Na+ (aq) + OH- (aq)
Review
 The Arrhenius definition of acids and
bases has limitations:
– Limited to aqueous solutions
 Two other common definitions for acids

and bases.
– Bronsted-Lowry acids and bases
– Lewis acids and bases (pg 125)
Bronsted-Lowry Acids & Bases
(pg 96)
 Bronsted-Lowry Acid
– A substance (ion or molecule) that can
transfer a proton (H+ ion) to another
substance
HCl (g) + H2O (l) H3O+ (aq) + Cl- (aq)

B-L acid
(pg 96)
 Bronsted-Lowry Base
– A substance (ion or molecule) that can
accept a proton (H+ ion) from another
substance
HCl (g) + H2O (l) H3O+ (aq) + Cl- (aq)

B-L acid B-L base
Notice that H2O acts as a base,

accepting a proton from HCl.
 Bronsted-Lowry acid:
– Molecule or ion
– Must have H atom in the formula that
can be lost as H+ ion
 Bronsted-Lowry Base:
– Molecule or ion
– Must have lone pair of electrons
(nonbonding pair) that can bind a H+
ion
 H+ ion in Water
Lose e- Proton with no

+ e- + surrounding
valence electrons
H atom H+ ion
 H+ ion interacts strongly with the
nonbonding pairs of electrons on water
molecules
– Forms hydrated hydrogen ion
 “hydronium ion”
H+ + O–H  H–O–H +
H H
Hydronium ion
 The hydrated proton (hydronium ion) is
responsible for the characteristic
properties of aqueous solutions of acids.
 H3O+ is a more realistic depiction of the

hydrogen ion in solution
– for convenience we often use H+ (aq)
to depict the hydrated hydrogen ion
HCl (g) + H20 (l)  H3O+ (aq) + Cl- (aq)
HCl (aq)  H+ (aq) + Cl- (aq)

 Bronsted-Lowry theory is applicable to
reactions that occur in both aqueous and
non-aqueous solution.
H H +
H–N + H – Cl  H – N – H + Cl-
H H
HCl (aq) + NH3 (aq)  NH4+ (aq) + Cl- (aq)

HCl (g) + NH3 (g)  NH4Cl (s)
Consider the following reactions:
H2O (l) + HCl (g)  H3O+ (aq) + Cl- (aq)

base
NH3 (g) + H2O (l)  NH4+ (aq) + OH- (aq)

acid
 In the first reaction, H2O acts as a base.
 In the second reaction, H2O acts as an
acid.
 Water is amphoteric:
– Capable of acting as either an acid or a
base.
 In any acid-base equilibrium, both
forward and reverse reactions involve
proton transfers.
HNO2 (aq) + H2O (l) NO2 – (aq) + H3O+ (aq)

 Forward Reaction:
– B-L acid = HNO2
– B-L base = H2O
 Reverse Reaction:
– B-L acid = H3O+
– B-L base = NO2-
acid base base acid
 When HNO2 acts as an acid, it loses a

proton and forms NO2 –
– NO2- acts as a base
 When H2O acts as a base, it gains a

proton and forms H3O+
– H3O+ acts as an acid
(pg 97)
acid base base acid
 HNO2 and NO2- are called a conjugate

acid-base pair.
 H2O and H3O+ are also a conjugate acid-

base pair.
 Conjugate acid-base pair:
– An acid and a base that differ only in
the presence or absence of a single
proton
 HNO2 and NO2-
 H3O+ and H2O
 HCO3 - and CO3 2-
 NH4+ and NH3
 Every acid has a conjugate base:
– The base formed by removing a proton
from an acid
 Conjugate base of H2O
– OH -
 Conjugate base of H2SO4
– HSO4 -
 Conjugate base of HClO4
– ClO4 –
 NOTE: The conjugate base is always
shown on the product side.
 Every base has a conjugate acid:
– The acid formed when a base gains a
proton
 Conjugate acid of H2O
– H3O +
 Conjugate acid of SO4 2-
– HSO4 -
 Conjugate acid of CN -
– HCN
 NOTE: The conjugate acid is always
shown on the product side.
Chemistry 2
Unit 3
Pajuzi Awang
IPG KDRI-Lecture 2

acid base conjugate Conjugate
base acid
Example: What is the conjugate base of:
 HClO4 ClO4 -
 H3PO4 H2PO4 -
 HSO4 - SO4 2-
Example: What is the conjugate acid of:
 HSO4 - H2SO4
 CN - HCN
 OH - H2O
Example: Identify the acid and base on the
reactant side and the conjugate acid and
conjugate base on the product side of the
following reaction.
HSO4– (aq) + CO32- (aq) SO42- (aq) + HCO32- (aq)

acid base Conjugate Conjugate
base acid
 In any acid-base equilibrium, both the
forward and reverse reactions involve
proton transfers.

acid base Conjugate Conjugate
base acid
 How can we predict the position of the

chemical equilibrium?
Bronsted Lowry Acids & Bases
 The relative strengths of the acid and the
conjugate acid can be used to predict the
position of the equilibrium.
 Equilibrium favors the formation of the

weaker acid
– The stronger acid more effectively

loses a proton than the conjugate acid
ACID-BASE PROPERTIES
(pg 98)
Autoionization and the Ion-Product of

Water
 The pH and pOH Scale
Autoionization of Water
 One of the most important properties of
water is its ability to act as either an acid
or a base
 In the presence of an acid, water acts as

a base by accepting a H+
HCl (g) + H2O H3O+ (aq) + Cl - (aq)
 In the presence of a base, water acts as

an acid, donating a H+
NH3 (g) + H2O NH4+ (aq) + OH - (aq)
 Water molecules can also donate a proton to
another water molecule in a process called
autoionization.
H O + H O H O H+ + OH -
H H H
Autoinization
 Autoionization:
– the process in which water
spontaneously forms low
concentrations of H+ and OH - ions by
proton transfer from one water
molecule to another
2 H2O (l) H3O+ (aq) + OH- (aq)

 Autoionization of water is a very rapid
process
– both forward and reverse reactions
occur rapidly
 At any given time only a very small

number of water molecules are ionized
If every letter in our text represented a water

molecule, you would have to look through
about 50 texts to find one H3O+!
 An equilibrium constant expression can
be written for the autoionization of water:
2 H2O (l) H3O+ (aq) + OH - (aq)
Kw = [H3O+] [OH -] = [H+ ] [OH- ]
where Kw = ionization constant for water

= ion-product constant
Note: H2O is excluded because it is a pure

liquid.
 The ionization constant expression for
water (and its value) is useful not only for
pure water but also for all dilute aqueous
solutions.
– Use it to calculate the [H+ ] and [OH- ]
for dilute solutions.
 For all dilute aqueous solutions:
Kw = [H+ ] [OH- ] = 1.0 x 10-14 at 25oC

 In a neutral solution:
– [H+ ] = [OH- ]
 In an acidic solution:
– [H+ ] > [OH- ]
 In a basic solution
– [H+ ] < [OH- ]
Example: Calculate the [H+ ] and [OH- ] in a neutral
solution at 25oC.
[H+ ] [OH- ] = (x) (x) = 1.0 x 10-14
x2 = 1.0 x 10-14
x = 1.0 x 10-7 M
In a neutral solution:
[H+ ] = [OH- ] = 1.0 x 10-7 M
Chemistry 2
Unit 3
Pajuzi Awang
IPG KDRI-Lecture 3
 In a neutral solution:
– [H+ ] = [OH- ] = 1.0 x 10-7 M at 25oC
 In an acidic solution:
– [H+ ] > [OH- ]
– [H+ ] > 1.0 x 10-7 M at 25oC
 In a basic solution
– [H+ ] < [OH- ]
– [H+ ] < 1.0 x 10-7 M at 25oC
Example: What is the [H+ ] at 25oC for a
solution in which [OH- ] = 0.010 M.
Given: [OH-] = 0.010 M

[H+ ] [OH- ] = 1.0 x 10-14
Find: [H+ ] at 25oC
[H+ ] (0.010) = 1.0 x 10-14
[H+ ] = 1.0 x 10-14 = 1.0 x 10-12 M

0.010
Example: What is the [OH- ] at 25oC in a
solution in which [H+ ] = 2.5 x 10-6 M.
Given: [H+ ] = 2.5 x 10-6 M
Find: [OH- ]
[H+ ][OH- ] = 1.0 x 10-14
2.5 x 10-6 [OH- ] = 1.0 x 10-14
[OH- ] = 1.0 x 10-14 = 4.0 x 10-9 M

2.5 x 10-6
Chemistry 2
Unit 3
Pajuzi Awang
IPG KDRI-Lecture 3
pH
 Since the [H+] is usually very small in
aqueous solutions, we normally express
the [H+] in terms of pH.
pH = - log10 [H+]
pH
Example: Calculate the pH of a neutral
solution at 25oC.
Given: neutral solution

Neutral solution:
[H+] = 1.0 x 10-7 M
Find: pH
at 25oC
pH = - log [H+]
pH = - log (1.0 x 10-7) = - (-7.0) = 7.0

pH
Example: Calculate the pH of a solution
with [H+] = 2.5 x 10-5.
Given: [H+] = 2.5 x 10-5
Find: pH
pH = - log [H+]
pH = - log (2.5 x 10-5) = - (-4.60) = 4.60

pH
with [OH-] = 6.5 x 10-5.
Given: [OH-] = 6.5 x 10-5

Find [H+] first.
Find: pH
[H+] [OH-] = 1.0 x 10-14 at 25oC
[H+] = 1.0 x 10-14 = 1.54 x 10-10 M

6.5 x 10-5
pH = - log (1.54 x 10-10) = - (-9.8) = 9.8

pH and pOH
 The potential of the hydrogen ion was
defined in 1909 as the negative of the
logarithm of [H+].
pH = -log[H3O+] pOH = -log[OH-]
KW = [H3O+][OH-]= 1.0x10-14
-logKW = -log[H3O+]-log[OH-]= -log(1.0x10-14)

pKW = pH + pOH= -(-14)
pKW = pH + pOH = 14
pH
 The negative log is also used to express
the magnitude of other small quantities:
 pOH = - log [OH- ]
 pH and pOH are related by the following

equation that is derived by taking the
negative log of the expression for Kw
pH + pOH = 14.00
pH
Example: Calculate the pOH of a solution
with [OH - ] = 2.5 x 10-3 M.
pOH = - log [OH- ]
pOH = - log (2.5 x 10-3)
pOH = 2.60
pH
with [OH - ] = 2.5 x 10-3 M.
Given: [OH - ] = 2.5 x 10-3 M
Find: pH
There are two 1 Find pOH, then

approaches that can pH + pOH = 14.00
be used to solve this
problem. Find [H+], then
2
find pH.
pH
Approach # 1:
Given: [OH - ] = 2.5 x 10-3 M Find pOH, then

Find: pH
pH + pOH = 14.00
pOH = - log [OH- ]
pOH = - log (2.5 x 10-3)
pOH = 2.60
pH = 14.00 – pOH = 14.00 – 2.60 = 11.40

pH
Approach # 2:
Given: [OH - ] = 2.5 x 10-3 M Find [H+], then

Find: pH
pH = -log [H+]
[H+] [OH- ] = 1.00 x 10-14
[H+] = 1.00 x 10-14 = 4.00 x 10-12 M

2.5 x 10-3
pH = - log (4.00 x 10-12) = 11.40

pH
 Given the pH of a solution, you can also
find the [H+] and the [OH-].
 Since pH = - log [H+],
[H+] = 10 –pH
 Since pOH = - log [OH-],
[OH-] = 10 -pOH
pH
Example: What are the [H+] and [OH-] for a
solution with a pH of 2.50 at 25oC?
pH = -log [H+]
[H+] = 10-pH = 10 -2.5 = 3.16 x 10-3 M
[H+] [OH-] = 1.00 x 10-14
(3.16 x 10-3 M)[OH-] = 1.00 x 10-14
[OH-] = 3.16 x 10-12 M

Chemistry 2
Unit 3-Next week (19.4

STRENGHT OF ACID AND BASE
IN WATER
Pajuzi Awang
IPG KDRI-Lecture 4
(pg 103)
 Strong Acid:
– acid that ionizes completely
 no undissociated molecules in
solution
– Conjugate base formed by a strong
acid is a very weak base
 has negligible tendency to gain a
proton
– HCl, H2SO4
 Weak Acid:
– acid that ionizes partially
 aqueous solutions contain a mixture of
acid molecules and the component ions
– Conjugate base formed by a weak acid is
a weak base.
 slight tendency to gain protons
– Acetic acid, citric acid, phosphoric acid

 Substances with negligible acidity
– substances that contain hydrogen but
do not exhibit acidic behaviour in water
– conjugate bases are very strong bases
 react completely with water to form
OH – ion
– CH4, H2, OH-

 Summary:
– An inverse relationship exists between
the strength of an acid and its
conjugate base or between a base and
its conjugate acid.
– The stronger the acid, the weaker the

conjugate base
– The stronger the base, the weaker the

conjugate acid
Acid Base
HCl Cl - negligible
Stronga
H2SO4 HSO4 -
cids
HNO3 NO3 -
H3O+ (aq) H2O
HSO4 - SO4 2-
Weak Weak
acids NH4+ NH3 bases
H2O OH -
OH- O 2-
Strong
negligible bases
CH4 CH3 -
 The seven most common strong acids:
– HCl hydrochloric acid
– HBr hydrobromic acid
– HI hydroiodic acid
– HNO3 nitric acid
– HClO3 chloric acid
– HClO4 perchloric acid
– H2SO4 sulfuric acid
You must know these acids by

name and formula.
Example: Use Fig. 16.4 to predict whether the
equilibrium lies predominantly to the left or to
the right:
HSO4- (aq) + CO32- (aq) SO42- (aq) + HCO3 - (aq)

acid base Conj. Conj.
base acid
HSO4 - is a stronger acid than HCO3 -.
Equilibrium favors formation of the
weaker acid.
Equilibrium lies to the right.
Strong Acids
 Strong acid:
– Strong electrolyte
– Ionizes completely in aqueous solution
HNO3 (aq) H + (aq) + NO3 – (aq)
 The only significant source of H+ ion in

an aqueous solution of a strong acid is
usually the strong acid.
Strong Acids
 Consequently, the [H+] in a solution of a
strong monoprotic acid can be
determined easily using the
concentration of the strong acid itself.
HNO3 (aq) H + (aq) + NO3 – (aq)
 In a 0.05 M HNO3 (aq) solution,
[H+] = 0.05 mol HNO3 x 1 mol H+ = 0.05 M

L 1 mol HNO3
Strong Acids
Example: What is the pH of a 0.25 M HCl
(aq) solution?
Given: [HCl] = 0.25 M Find [H+],

then pH
Find: pH
[H+] = 0.25 mol HCl x 1 mol H+ = 0.25 M

L 1 mol HCl
pH = - log (0.25) = 0.60

Strong Bases
 Strong Base
– strong electrolyte
– ionizes completely in aqueous solution
NaOH (aq) Na+ (aq) + OH- (aq)
 Common strong bases

– alkali metal hydroxides
– hydroxides of Ca, Sr, and Ba
Strong Bases
 Strongly basic solutions are also formed
when certain basic materials react with
water to form the OH- ion.
O2- (aq) + H2O (l) 2 OH- (aq)
H- (aq) + H2O (l) H2 (g) + OH- (aq)

Strong Bases
 The pH of an aqueous solution of a
strong base can be determined using the
concentration of the strong base
NaOH (aq) Na+ (aq) + OH- (aq)
0.25 M
 A 0.25 M solution of NaOH has an [OH-]
of 0.25 M:
0.25 mol NaOH x 1 mol OH- = 0.25 M

L 1 mol NaOH
Strong Bases
 The pH of the base solution can then be
found in two ways:
– Calculate pOH
 use pH + pOH = 14.00 to determine
pH
– Calculate [H+]
 use [H+] [OH-] = 1.00 x 10-14
 Then calculate pH
Strong Bases
Example: Calculate the pH of a 0.25 M
Ca(OH)2 (aq) solution.
Given: [Ca(OH)2] = 0.25 M

Find: pH
Step 1: Determine [OH-]
[OH-] = 0.25 mol Ca(OH)2 x 2 mol OH-

L 1 mol Ca(OH)2
= 0.50 M
Strong Bases
Step 2: Calculate pOH
pOH = - log [OH-]

pOH = - log (0.50) = 0.30
Step 3: Calculate pH
pH + pOH = 14.00
pH = 14.00 - 0.30 = 13.70

Strong Bases
Example: What is the pH of a solution
prepared by mixing 10.0 mL of 0.015 M
Ba(OH)2 and 30.0 mL of 7.5 x 10-3 M NaOH?
Given: 10.0 mL of 0.015 M Ba(OH)2

30.0 mL of 7.5 x 10-3 M NaOH
Find: pH
Strong Bases
Step 1: Find the total [OH-]
[OH-] = moles OH- from NaOH + mol OH- from Ba(OH)2
total volume in L
= mmol OH- from NaOH + mmol OH- from Ba(OH)2

total volume in mL
mmol OH-NaOH = 30.0 mL x 7.5 x 10-3M = 0.225 mmol
mmol OH-Ba(OH)2 = 10.0 mL x 0.015 M x 2 mol OH

1 mol Ba(OH)2
= 0.300 mmol
Strong Bases
Step 1 (cont)
[OH-] = 0.225 mmol + 0.300 mmol

10.0 mL + 30.0 mL
= 1.3 x 10-2 M
Step 2: Find pOH
pOH = - log [OH-] = - log (1.3 x 10-2) = 1.89

Strong Bases
Step 3: Find pH
pH + pOH = 14.00
pH = 14.00 - pOH = 14.00 - 1.88 = 12.12

4.4 IONIATION CONSTANTS OF
WEAK ACID AND WEAK
BASES (pg 107)
Ka and Kb as a Measure of Acid and Base

a
Strenght
Weak Acids
 Most acidic substances are weak acids:
– partially ionize in solution
– the solution contains an equilibrium
mixture of acid molecules and its
component ions
CH3CO2H H+ (aq) + CH3CO2 - (aq)

Acetic acid
Weak Acids
 The extent to which a weak acid ionizes
can be expressed using an equilibrium
constant known as the acid-dissociation
constant (Ka).
 For a general reaction:

HX (aq) H+ (aq) + X- (aq)
Ka = [H+][X-] Note: The rules for

writing an expression for
[HX]
Ka are the same as those
for Kc, Kp and Ksp.
Weak Acids
 The magnitude of Ka indicates the
tendency of the hydrogen ion in an acid
to ionize.
– The larger the value of Ka, the stronger

the acid is.
 The pH of a weak acid solution can be

calculated using the initial concentration
of the weak acid and its Ka.
Weak Acids
 To calculate the pH of a weak acid
solution:
– Write the ionization equilibrium for the
acid.
– Write the equilibrium constant
expression and its numerical value.
– Set up a table showing initial
concentration, change, equilibrium
concentration.
– Substitute equilibrium concentrations
into the equilibrium constant
expression.
Weak Acids
 To calculate the pH of a weak acid
solution (cont):
– Solve for the change in concentration.
 Assume that the change in
concentration is small (i.e. < 5%)
compared to the initial
concentration of the weak acid.
– Check the validity of previous
assumptions.
– Calculate the final concentrations and
pH.
Weak Acids
Example: Calculate the pH of a 0.20 M
solution of HCN. Ka = 4.9 x 10-10
Step 1: Write the equation for the

ionization.
HCN (aq) H+ (aq) + CN- (aq)

Step 2: Write the expression for Ka.
Ka = [H+] [CN-] = 4.9 x 10-10

[HCN]
Weak Acids
Step 3: Set up a table.
Initial 0.20 M 0.00 M 0.00 M
Change -x +x +x
Equil. 0.20 – x x x
Weak Acids
Step 4: Substitute equilibrium
concentrations into the Ka expression.
Ka = (x) (x) = 4.9 x 10-10

(0.20 - x)
Step 5: Assume that x << 0.20 M and solve

for x.
Ka = (x) (x) = 4.9 x 10-10
0.20
x2 = (0.20) (4.9 x 10-10) = 9.8 x 10-11
x = 9.9 x 10-6
Weak Acids
Step 6: Check the validity of our
assumption.
Is x << 0.20 M
Is x less than 5% of 0.20 M
9.9 x 10-6 x 100 = 0.005 %

0.20
So the assumption is valid.

Weak Acids
 Step 7: Substitute value for x into the
table to find the [H+].

Initial0.20 M0.00 M0.00 MChange-9.9 x 10-6+9.9 x
Weak Acids
Step 8: Calculate the pH using the [H+]
pH = - log [H+] = - log (9.9 x 10-6) = 5.00

Weak Bases
 Many substances behave as weak bases
in water.
Weak base + H2O conjugate acid + OH-
 The extent to which a weak base reacts

with water to form its conjugate acid and
OH- ion can be expressed using an
equilibrium constant known as the base-
dissociation constant (Kb).
Weak Bases
 Kb always refers to the equilibrium in
which a base reacts with water to form
its conjugate acid and OH- ion.
 For the reaction:
NH3 (aq) + H2O (l) NH4+ (aq) + OH- (aq)
Kb = [NH4+] [OH-]
Note: The rules for
[NH3]
writing an expression for
Kb are the same as those
for Kc, Kp and Ksp.
Weak Base
 To calculate the pH of a weak base
solution:
– Write the ionization equilibrium for the
base.
– Write the equilibrium constant
expression and its numerical value.
– Set up a table showing initial
concentration, change, equilibrium
concentration.
– Substitute equilibrium concentrations
into the equilibrium constant
expression.
Weak Bases
 To calculate the pH of a weak base
solution (cont):
– Solve for the change in concentration.
 Assume that the change in
concentration is small (i.e. < 5%)
compared to the initial
concentration of the weak base.
– Check the validity of previous
assumptions.
– Calculate the [OH-] concentration and
pOH
– Use pOH to calculate pH.
Weak Bases
Example: Calculate the pH of a 0.20 M solution of
methylamine, CH3NH2. Kb = 3.6 x 10-4.
Step 1: Write the equation for the ionization.
CH3NH2 (aq) + H2O CH3NH3+ (aq) + OH- (aq)
Step 2: Write the expression for Kb.
Kb = [CH3NH3+] [OH-] = 3.6 x 10-4

[CH3NH2]
Weak Bases
Step 3: Set up a table.
CH3NH2 CH3NH3+ + OH-
Initial0.20 M0.00 M0.00 MChange-x+x+xEquil.0

Weak Bases
Step 4: Substitute equilibrium
concentrations into the Kb expression.
Kb = (x) (x) = 3.6 x 10-4

(0.20 - x)
Step 5: Assume that x << 0.20 M and solve

for x.
Kb = (x) (x) = 3.6 x 10-4
0.20
x2 = (0.20) (3.6 x 10-4) = 7.2 x 10-5
x = 8.5 x 10-3
Weak Bases
Step 6: Check the validity of our
assumption.
Is x << 0.20 M
Is x less than 5% of 0.20 M
8.5 x 10-3 x 100 = 4.2 %

0.20
So the assumption is valid.

Weak Bases
 Step 7: Substitute value for x into the
table to find the [OH-].
CH3NH2 CH3NH3+ + OH-

Initial0.20 M0.00 M0.00 MChange-8.5 x 10-3+8.5 x
Weak Acids
Step 8: Calculate the pOH
pOH = - log [OH-] = - log (8.5 x 10-3) = 2.07
Step 9: Calculate the pH
pH + pOH = 14.00
pH = 14.00 - pOH = 14.00 - 2.07 = 11.93

Chemistry 2: Unit 3 Acids-Bases and Salt

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

You might also like

Chemistry 2: Unit 3 Acids-Bases and Salt

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chemistry 2: Unit 3 Acids-Bases and Salt

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chemistry 2

– Substance that increases the

– Substance that increases the

 Two other common definitions for acids

HCl (g) + H2O (l) H3O+ (aq) + Cl- (aq)

HCl (g) + H2O (l) H3O+ (aq) + Cl- (aq)

Notice that H2O acts as a base,

Lose e- Proton with no

 H3O+ is a more realistic depiction of the

HCl (g) + H20 (l)  H3O+ (aq) + Cl- (aq)

HCl (aq)  H+ (aq) + Cl- (aq)

HCl (aq) + NH3 (aq)  NH4+ (aq) + Cl- (aq)

H2O (l) + HCl (g)  H3O+ (aq) + Cl- (aq)

NH3 (g) + H2O (l)  NH4+ (aq) + OH- (aq)

HNO2 (aq) + H2O (l) NO2 – (aq) + H3O+ (aq)

 When HNO2 acts as an acid, it loses a

 When H2O acts as a base, it gains a

 HNO2 and NO2- are called a conjugate

 H2O and H3O+ are also a conjugate acid-

HNO2 (aq) + H2O (l) NO2 – (aq) + H3O+ (aq)

HSO4– (aq) + CO32- (aq) SO42- (aq) + HCO32- (aq)

HNO2 (aq) + H2O (l) NO2 – (aq) + H3O+ (aq)

 How can we predict the position of the

 Equilibrium favors the formation of the

– The stronger acid more effectively

Autoionization and the Ion-Product of

 In the presence of an acid, water acts as

 In the presence of a base, water acts as

2 H2O (l) H3O+ (aq) + OH- (aq)

 At any given time only a very small

If every letter in our text represented a water

2 H2O (l) H3O+ (aq) + OH - (aq)

Kw = [H3O+] [OH -] = [H+ ] [OH- ]

where Kw = ionization constant for water

Note: H2O is excluded because it is a pure

 For all dilute aqueous solutions:

Kw = [H+ ] [OH- ] = 1.0 x 10-14 at 25oC

[H+ ] [OH- ] = (x) (x) = 1.0 x 10-14

Given: [OH-] = 0.010 M

[H+ ] (0.010) = 1.0 x 10-14

[H+ ] = 1.0 x 10-14 = 1.0 x 10-12 M

Given: [H+ ] = 2.5 x 10-6 M

[H+ ][OH- ] = 1.0 x 10-14

2.5 x 10-6 [OH- ] = 1.0 x 10-14

[OH- ] = 1.0 x 10-14 = 4.0 x 10-9 M

Given: neutral solution

pH = - log (1.0 x 10-7) = - (-7.0) = 7.0

Given: [H+] = 2.5 x 10-5

pH = - log (2.5 x 10-5) = - (-4.60) = 4.60

Given: [OH-] = 6.5 x 10-5

[H+] [OH-] = 1.0 x 10-14 at 25oC

[H+] = 1.0 x 10-14 = 1.54 x 10-10 M

pH = - log (1.54 x 10-10) = - (-9.8) = 9.8

-logKW = -log[H3O+]-log[OH-]= -log(1.0x10-14)

 pOH = - log [OH- ]

 pH and pOH are related by the following

pOH = - log [OH- ]