Lecture Objectives:

• Answer questions related to HW 1

• Learn about Internal and External Surface
Convection
• Learn about conduction
 Convection

How to calculate h ?

What are the parameters that affect h ?

What is the boundary layer ?

Laminar and Turbulent Flow
forced convection
 Forced convection governing equations
1) Continuity
u v
  0
x y
2) Momentum
u u  2u u, v – velocities
u v v 2  – air viscosity
x y y
Non-dimensionless momentum equation

Using x*  x L ; y*  y L ; u*  u ; v*  v
U oo U oo
L = characteristic length and U0 = arbitrary reference velocity

u *
u *
1  2 *
u
u *
v *
  *2
x *
y *
U oo L y
 Re L Reynolds number
 Forced convection
governing equations
Energy equation for boundary layer
2
T T  T
u v   
x y y 2
T –temperature,  – thermal diffusivity =k/cp,

k-conductivity,  - density, cp –specific cap.

Non-dimensionless energy equations T  T
T* 
Tw  T Air temperature outside
T *
* T
*
1 T 2 *
of boundary layer
u*
v 
x *
y *
Re L . Pr . y *2 Wall temperature

Reynolds number Prandtl number

UL  Momentum diffusivity
Re L 
Inertial force Pr 
 Viscous force a Thermal diffusivity
 Simplified Equation
for Forced convection

General equation Nu  f (Re, Pr)

For laminar flow:
Nu  C L  Re Pr 
1/ 3 hL UL
Nu  Re L 
k 
Nu  CT  Re Pr 
4/5
For turbulent flow:

For air: Pr ≈ 0.7, = viscosity is constant, k = conductivity is constant

Simplified equation:
m
h forced  f (U  , Ln )  C  U m
Or:
Volume flow rate
h forced  C  ACH m ACH 
RoomVolume
Natural convection
 GOVERNING EQUATIONS
Natural convection
Continuity
u v
  0
x y
• Momentum which includes gravitational force
u u  2u
u v  g  T  T   v 2
x y y
• Energy
T T  2T
u v  
x y y 2

u, v – velocities ,  – air viscosity , g – gravitation, ≈1/T - volumetric thermal expansion

T –temperature, T – air temperature out of boundary layer,  –temperature conductivity
 Characteristic Number for Natural
Convection
Non-dimensionless governing equations
T  T
Using x*  x L ; y *  y L ; u *  u U ; v *  vU ; T* 
  Tw  T

L = characteristic length and U0 = arbitrary reference velocity Tw- wall temperature

The momentum equation become

u * * u
*
g  Tw  T  L * 1  2u * Gr
u*
v  T   *2
x *
y *
U2
Re L y
g  Tw  T  L3
Multiplying by Re2 number Re=UL/
2
u *
u *
2  2 *
u
u *
v *
 (Gr / Re L )  T  (1 / Re L )  *2
*

x *
y *
y
 Grashof number
Characteristic Number for Natural Convection

g  Tw  T  L3 Buoyancy forces
Gr 
2 Viscous forces

The Grashof number has a similar significance for natural convection

as the Reynolds number has for forced convection, i.e. it represents a
ratio of buoyancy to viscous forces.

General equation

Nu  f (Gr , Pr)
 Natural convection
simplified equations

For laminar flow:

Nu  C L  Gr  Pr 
1/ 4

Nu  CT  Gr  Pr 
1/ 3
For turbulent flow:

For air: Pr ≈ 0.7, = constant, k= constant, = constant, g=constant

Simplified equation:
h forced  f ((Tw  T ) m , Ln )  f (T m , Ln )
Or:
Even more simple h forced  C  T m
T∞ - air temperature outside of boundary layer, Ts - surface temperature
 Forced and/or natural convection

In general, Nu = f(Re, Pr, Gr)

GrL Re 2L  1  Nu  f (Re, Pr, Gr) natural and forced convection

GrL Re 2L  1  Nu  f (Re, Pr) forced convection

GrL Re 2L  1  Nu  f (Gr , Pr) natural convection

 Combined forced and natural
convention
Churchill and Usagi approach :

hcombined  (h1n  h2n )1/ n  (hnatural

n
 h nforced )1/ n
5
h

h
combined
3
n=2

n=3
2
h
n=6 1

h
2
T or ACH
0
0 1 2 3 4

This equation favors a dominant term (h1 or h2), and exponent coefficient ‘n’ determines
the value for hcombined when both terms have the same order of value
 Example of general forced and
natural convection
Equation for convection at cooled ceiling surfaces

hnatural  (2.12  T 0.33 ) 3

h forced  1.19  ACH 0.8 n

 
1/ 3
hcombinbed  (2.12  T )  (1.19  ACH
0.33 3 0.8 3
)
 External convective heat flux
Presented model is based on experimental data, Ito (1972)

Primarily forced convection (wind):

Velocity at surfaces that are windward:

0.5 for U  2 m/s
u
0.25  U for U  2 m/s
Velocity at surfaces that are leeward :
U -wind velocity
u  0.3  0.05  U

Convection coefficient :

h  3.5  5.6  u u surface

u

Q  A  h  (Tair  Tsurface ) windward leeward

 Boundary Conditions at External
Surfaces
1. External convective heat flux

Required parameters: N
- wind velocity
- wind direction
- surface orientation
leeward

Consequence: U

Energy Simulation (ES) windward

program treats every
surface with different
orientation as separate
object.
 Wind Direction
Wind direction is defined in TMY database:
“Value: 0 – 360o Wind direction in degrees at the hou
indicated. ( N = 0 or 360, E = 90,   S = 180,W = 270 ). For calm
winds, wind direction equals zero.” N

http://rredc.nrel.gov/solar/pubs/tmy2/ leeward
http://rredc.nrel.gov/solar/pubs/tmy2/tab3-2.html
U

windward

Wind direction: ~225o

Conduction
 Conductive heat transfer
• Steady-state k - conductivity
of material
q  k / L(TS 1  TS 2 )
• Unsteady-state
TS1 TS2
T k T 2
  qsource L
 c p x 2

• Boundary conditions
h
Tair
– Dirichlet Tsurface = Tknown
T
– Neumann  h(Tair  Tsurface )
x
Boundary conditions
Biot number

hL
Bi 
k solid

convention
conduction
 Importance of analytical solution
1
o
0
K
9
-T
h

lL
a
w
s
u
n
e
WJ
.5
c
=
p
/m
g
k
2
1.0

0.9
Analytical solution
0.8
Numerical -3 nodes, =60 min
0.7 Numerical -7 nodes, =60 min
(T-Ts)/(To-Ts)

Numerical -7 nodes, =12 min

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0.0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
hour
 What will be the daily temperature
distribution profile on internal surface
for styrofoam wall?
External temperature profile
T A.

time
B.
 What will be the daily temperature
distribution profile on internal surface
for tin glass?
External temperature profile
T A.

time
B.
Conduction equation describes
accumulation
 Important numbers
hL Convection
Nusselt number Nu 
k Conduction

UoL Inertial force

Reynolds number Re L 
 Viscous force

 Momentum diffusivity
Prandtl number Pr 
a Thermal diffusivity

Grashof number g  Ts  T  L3 Buoyancy forces

Gr 
2 Viscous forces

hL thermal internal resistance

Biot number Bi  surface film resistance
k solid
Reference book: Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer, Incropera & DeWitt
 HW2
• Writhe Energy Balance Equations for the 3
elements of your room from HW1
• Conduction
• Convection
• Radiation
– Solar and
– Long vawe
 HW2 Problem

2.5 m

Internal surfaces
8m 8m

South
West

Steady State Energy Model

You already defined
External Boundaries
 Internal Boundaries
3
L
1
2
m
o
R
F
a
A
in
e
rt-lxsu
C fcd
ctiC
ve
n
o

Internal sources
Window

Transmitted
Solar radiation
Surface Energy Balance
Energy coming in = Energy going out

Direction does not matter except for the Solar energy

 Air balance - Convection on internal
surfaces + Ventilation + Infiltration
Uniform temperature Assumption
Affect the air temperature
- h, and Q as many as surfaces
- maircp.air Tair= Qconvective+ Qventilation Tsupply

Qconvective= ΣAihi(TSi-Tair)
Ts1 mi
Qventilation= Σmicp,i(Tsupply-Tair)
Q1 Q2
Tair
h1 h2