THEORIES IN RADICAL

ECOLOGICAL
PHILOSOPHY
 DEEP ECOLOGY
 Norwegian mountaineer Arne Naess,
-could not keep their disillusionment with
existing modes of depletion of natural resources
by industries and the heavy pollution they
cause.
 SHALLOW ECOLOGY
-as an extension of the
traditional and conventional
worldview.
 DEEP ECOLOGY
- as an environmental approach, emerged as a
reaction to this shallow ecological point of view.
 Presupposes biospheric egalitarianism which
assumes that all living things posses equal value
and intrinsic worth regardless of the their usefulness
or utility to other beings.
DEEP ECOLOGY
Nature plays a very
important part in deep
ecology.
 SOCIAL ECOLOGY
- is an offshoot of the movement against
denomination of existing hierarchical
structures in society that pre-empt the
development of the full nature of an
individual, from his first and second
nature.
 MURRAY BOOKCHIN
- the proponent of social ecology.
 “Until human beings cease to live in
societies that are structured around
hierarchies as well as economic classes”
 MURRAY BOOKCHIN
-he believes that ecological problems
could be traced to social problems, which,
he claims, are the ‘sources of growing
environmental crisis’
 BOOKCHIN, ARTICLE
Article entitled , What is Social Ecology as
a product of his two natures.
1. First Nature (his biotic nature)
2. Second Nature (his human nature)
FIRST NATURE (HIS BIOTIC
NATURE)

- From man’s biological

evolutionary history or his
physical world.
 SECOND NATURE (HIS HUMAN
NATURE)

From social relations of man as

social being together with his
culture.