Pelayanan Holistik Dokter Keluarga: Dr. TA Larasati, M.Kes Sub Bag. Ilmu Kedokteran Keluarga FK Unila

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PELAYANAN HOLISTIK

DOKTER KELUARGA
Dr. TA Larasati, M.Kes
Sub bag. Ilmu Kedokteran Keluarga
FK UNILA
Human Disease: Three Models

Medical Model
Biopsychosocial Model
Epidemiological Model

Human Disease
Medical Model
• Emphasis on medical treatment
– You’re either healthy or you’re not.

• Missing important dimensions of health


– Psychology and Social aspect are separate
– Address disease but may not consider quality of
life (QOL)
OECD Health Data
Source: CIA World Factbook, 2011
Medical Model continued
• By medical model standards….
– U.S. should have the best health and longest life
expectancy.

Picture source: onefoundation.org


Epidemiological Model
Host

Agent Environment
Problems with disease models

Individuals

Picture Source: google images


Problems
• Families

Picture source: Google images


Problems
• Natural Disasters

Picture Source: Google images


Problems
• Pollution

Picture Source: Google images


Problems
• Poverty

Picture source: Google images


Problems

Picture source: Google images


Evidence
• Loneliness edamonia and the human
conserved transcriptional response to
adversity
• Stephen W Cole
• elseviere
Holistic care ?
• Biopsychosocial model was proposed as a
scientific paradigm by Engel (1977)
• “Who encourage the Clinicians to observe
biochemical and morphologic changes in
relation to a patients emotionall pattern, life
goals, attitude towards illness and social
environment”
Biopsychosocial Model
• Health (and illness) are caused/influenced by
many factors.
– Mind and body are not separate
– Relationships are significant to health
• Health is on a continuum
Implications
• Consider biological, psychological, and social
factors
• Relationships are significant to health
– Patient and doctor
– Patient and family, friends, others

• Keep people healthy rather than wait to treat


them when they become ill.
Challenges
• Poverty as underlying issue
– Lack of resources, education
• Behavior and/or lifestyle
• Misuse of antibiotics
• Gaps in immunizations
• Lack of access to healthcare
• New diseases and re-emerging strains
Biopsychosocial Model of Disease
Biology
• Age, sex Psychology
• Disease state • Attitudes/beliefs
• Genetics/heredity • Mood state
• Physical symptoms • Behaviors
• Meds/drugs/addiction • Religiosity/spirituality

Environment
• School/work place
• Church Social
• Social norms / cultural norms • Support: formal/informal
• Community / Health services • Roles: work/family/peers
• Neighborhoods / National • Physician-patient
economy relationship
• Mass media • Socioeconomic status
• Policy / laws
MODEL BIOPSIKOSOSIAL & KULTURAL
Pengaruh ekonomi dan politik
LINGKUNGAN
Aksesibilitas terhadap layanan kesehatan dan sosial
Sarana untuk perawatan mandiri dan rehabilitasi MASYARAKAT
Kemungkinan untuk gaya hidup tidak sehat
Dukungan, ekspektasi
Perumahan KELUARGA
Kesempatan hidup/ atau sebaliknya
Kepribadian
Peran penyakit (sick role) INDIVIDU
Sikap dan gaya hidup
Homeostasis fisiologis
ORGAN/
SISTEM ORGAN
Pengaruh genetik
Jalur reaksi biokimia
MIKROSKOPIK
GEN/ MOLEKUL/ SEL
Manajemen Pasien – Holistik & Komprehensif Genogram

Aspek Personal (illness): Family Map


pikiran, perasaan, efek pada Family
Pasien Dinamika
pada fungsi, harapan, dan Life Cycle
impact of illness to patient & family Keluarga Family
Life Line
Aspek Klinis
Anamnesis Family Family
(Disease) Assessment
HOLISTIK APGAR
Aspek Risiko Tools
Family
Internal SCREEM
Aspek Risiko Lingkungan
Pemeriksaan Pekerjaan
Eksternal Fisik & Non
Fisik
Fisik Rumah
Derajat Fungsional
Pemeriksaan Komunitas
Penunjang Diagnosis Psikososial

Diagnosis Diagnosis Komunitas


Diagnosis Level of Physician Involvement in
Medis
HOLISTIK the Family (2-4)
Intervensi Medis Intervensi Psikososial:
Berbasis EBM Edukasi & Konseling Pasien,
Penatalaksanaan Keterlibatan Keluarga, Komunitas
Lima Tingkat Pencegahan KOMPREHENSIF
Pelayanan Paliatif
Pelayanan Holistik:

• Anamnesis holistik:
– Mempertimbangkan pasien sebagai bagian dari keluarga, komunitas,
dan lingkungannya (fisik dan non fisik).
– Anamnesis holistik terdiri dari:
1. Aspek klinis (keluhan utama dan keluhan tambahan)
2. Aspek personal (alasan kedatangan dapat berupa psikososial, persepsi pasien
tentang penyakit, impact penyakit pada pasien dan keluarga)
3. Aspek risiko internal (riwayat penyakit dalam keluarga, status kesehatan, gaya
hidup, dll)
4. Aspek risiko ekternal (dinamika keluarga, lingkungan pekerjaan, lingkungan
rumah, lingkungan komunitas, dll)
5. Derajat fungsional dalam beraktifitas termasuk bekerja
Pelayanan Holistik
• Diagnosis Holistik:
Berdasarkan anamnesis holistik maka diagnosisnya juga holistik, yang tdd:
1. Diagnosis Medis
2. Diagnosis Psiko-sosial-kultural-spiritual
3. Diagnosis Komunitas
• Penatalaksanaan Komprehensif:
Konsekuensi dari diagnosis holistik, maka penatalaksanaan dilakukan terhadap
semua aspek dari diagnosis holistik yang meliputi:
1. Upaya Promotif
2. Upaya Preventif
3. Upaya Kuratif
4. Upaya Rehabilitatif
5. Upaya Paliatif
Pelayanan Holistik
• Diagnosis Holistik:
– Berdasarkan anamnesis holistik maka diagnosisnya juga holistik, yang tdd:
1. Diagnosis Medis
2. Diagnosis Psiko-sosial-kultural-spiritual
3. Diagnosis Komunitas
• Penatalaksanaan Komprehensif:
– Konsekuensi dari anamnesis holistik dan diagnosis holistik adalah:
1. Penatalaksanaan Medis Kuratif (aspek klinik)
2. Penatalaksanaan Medis Preventif (aspek risiko internal)
3. Penatalaksanaan Rehabilitatif (aspek klinik)
4. Penatalaksanaan Psikososial (aspek personal termasuk ekonomi, budaya, dan
lingkungan, dll.)
5. Penatalaksanaan Komunitas (aspek risiko eksternal)

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