PENGANTAR ANATOMI BEDAH

A N ATO M I P E R M U K A A N T U B U H , A N ATO M I
REGIONAL BERBAGAI SISTEM ORGAN

dr. Cytra G. Rossy

dr. Nikkita
dr. Herlangga Fadhillah
drg. Yoarina S
dr. Yuanico
Human Anatomy
Human anatomy is the study of the structure of the human
body correlated with development, function, clinical
significance and how the body parts are organized.
The words anatomy comes from the greek  a cutting
Regional anatomy :
 Back and extremity
 Thorax
 Abdomen
 Pelvis / perineum
 Head and neck
 Functional anatomy is the study of anatomy in its relation to
function,

exp. Parasymphatic inervation female and male external genitalia mediated

erection, and sympathetic inervation mediated ejaculation or uterine
contraction.
 Clinical anatomy is defined as anatomy in all its aspects-gross,
histologic, developmental and neurologic as applied to clinical
practice, the application of anatomic principles to the solution of
clinical problems and/or the application of clinical observations to
expand anatomic knowledge.

-American Association of Clinical Anatomists

 Systemic Anatomy
• anatomy of the systems of the body; an approach to anatomic study
organized by organ systems, the cardiovascular system, emphasizing
an overview of the system throughout the body
Anatomical terminology :

A. Anatomical position:
* the body is standing errect
* head, eyes, and toes directed anteriorly
forward
* upper limb by the sides with palms facing
anteriorly
* lower limb together with the feet directed anteriorly
• Anatomical Position
• Standardized terms to reference are used when anatomist
explain the location of body part ,we used the word relative,
which means that the location of one part of the body is always
described in relation to another part of the body.
• When we used standard anatomical terminology to locate the
head ,you say the head is superior to the neck and neck is
inferior to head, instead of saying the head is above the neck,
when using direction terms its assumed that the body in
anatomical position, and direction terms are found in pairs.
• Relative Directional Terms of the Body
B. Anatomical adjectives

1. external / internal (superficial / deep /

profunda)
2. anterior / posterior (ventral / dorsal)
3. proximal / distal
4. superior / inferior (cranial / caudal)
5. median / medial / lateral
6. central / peripheral
7. prone / supine
8. dorsum / palmar / plantar or sole
9. parietal / visceral
Combined terms

• Inferomedial exp., anterior part of ribs run

• inferomedially
• Superolateral
Term of laterally

•Bilateral : kidney / ren

•Unilateral : spleen / lien
•Ipsilateral / homolateral : right thumb
and right great toe are ipsilateral
•Contralateral : right hand is
contralateral to the left hand
C. Anatomical plane

•Midsagittal / sagittal / median plane

•Parasagittal / paramedian plane
•Coronal / frontal plane
•Transversal / horizontal plane
•An axial
 vertical axis
 anterior posterior axes
 bilateral axes
• Vertical axis intersection of the midsagittal and
midcoronal plane
• Anteroposterior axes intersect., transv., and sagittal
plane
• Bilateral axes intersect., coronal and transv., plane
• Terms of Movement

• Flexion/extension
• Abduction/adduction
• Medial rotation/lateral
rotation
• Elevation/depresion
• Protraction/retraction
• Pronation/supination
• Inversion/eversion
• Flexion : Joint movement in sagittal plane, it
means bending
• Extension : Joint movement in sagittal plane, it
means straightening
• Abduction : movement in coronal plane, away
from or towards the median plane
• Adduction : Movement in coronal plane, away
from and towards the longitudinal midline
• Medial / lateral rotation : Twisting movements,
outwards and inwards, around a longitudinal axis
• Pronation / Supination : Rotatory movements, but
the terms are applied only to movements of the
forearm and the foot.
Specific movements:

• Intorsion/extorsion
• Opposition/reposition
• Circumduction
•NOMINA ANATOMICA
Guide line for the naming of anatomic structure has been established by the
International Anatomical Nomenclature Committee
a. there shall be only one name for each
structure with alternatives;eponyms shall
be discarded
b. name shall be in Latin wherever practical
c. term be short,simple, and informative
• d. spatially related structures shall have similar
names wherever possible (e.g., femoral
artery, femoral vein, femoral nerve,
femoral ring, femoral canal)
•
e. differentiating adjectives shall be arranged as opposites (e.g.,
major-minor, medial-lateral)
•Practical nomenclature :
Structure have been named in a number of ways over
the past two and one half millennia.
a. In ancient or absolute languages (e.g.,
esophagus ,Greek, ileum Latin; liver Anglo-Saxon)
1. The oldest terms are found in the writing of
Hippocrates of Cos.
2. Usually name translates into meaning full
description (e.g., duodenum , Latin , 12
(finger breadth long)
3. Many of the original names have been
transliterated into modern English (e.g
arteria
profunda brachii becomes deep
brachial artery)
• b. By description term (e.g., vermiform
appendix, meaning wormlike)
•
c. According to relation position in the body
(e.,g., external intercostal muscle)
•
d. According to function (e.,g., levator scapuale muscle)
•e. By eponyms associated with mythology
(Achilles tendon), the first person describe
the structure (circle of Willis), Hunter`s canal
most anatomy texts in agreement with nomina anatomica avoid
eponyms.

•Because the clinical use of many eponyms

persists and because eponyms, reflex the rich
history of anatomy and medicine.
• References
• April, Ernest W. Clinical Anatomy 3rd Edition.
Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 1997.
• Carola, Robert cs. Human Anatomy. McGraw-
Hill Inc. 1992.
• Francis, Carl C. Introduction to Human
Anatomy. Mosby. 1964.
• Linder, H. H. Clinical Anatomy. Appleton &
Lange. 1989.
• Moore, Keith L. and Anne M. R. Agur.
Essential Clinical Anatomy 2nd Edition.
Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 1995.
THANK YOU