Carbohydrates

Cabohydrates in
food are important
sources of energy
 Carbohydrates
• Carbohydrates is one of the four
major classes of biomolecules, along
with proteins, nucleic acids, and
lipids
• Carbohydrates make up most of the
organic matter on Earth
• Carbohydrates play extensive roles
in all forms of life
 Carbohydrates
• Carbohydrates serve as energy
stores, fuels, and metabolic
intermediates
• Ribose and deoxyribose sugars
are part of the structural
framework of DNA and RNA
• Polysaccharides are structural
elements in the cell walls of
bacteria and plants
 Carbohydrates
• Carbohydrates are linked to many
proteins and lipids that play key
roles in cell-cell communication
and cells interactions with its
environment
• General formula of carbohydrates

Cx(H20)x
Ketones and aldehydes
functional groups
Fisher Projection
Asymmetric carbon

Enantiomer?
Diastereoisomer?
Epimer?
Aldoses
Aldoses
Aldoses
Aldoses
Aldoses
Aldoses
Ketoses
Ketoses
Ketoses
Ketoses
Cyclization (ring formation)
Aldofuranose Aldopyranose
Ketofuranose Ketopyranose
Pyranose formation
Furanose formation
Furanose rings
Fehling reaction
Modified monosaccharides
Glycosidic bond
 Phosphorylated sugars

Phosphorylated sugars are key intermediates

in Energy Generation and Biosyntheses
Disaccharides
Glycosidic bond in disaccharide

Maltose
Polysaccharides
 Microvillus

Microvilli contain lactase and other enzymes

that hydrolyze carbohydrates projected from
the outer face of the plasma membrane of
intestinal epithelial cells
Glycosaminoglycans
(proteoglycans)
 Proteoglycans
• formerly called mucopolysaccharides
• function as joint lubricants and structural
components in connective tissue
• mediate the adhesion of cells to the
extracellular matrix and bind factors that
stimulate cell proliferation
Mucopolysaccharidoses is the name given to a
collection of diseases that result from the inability to
degrade glycosaminoglycans (result in skeletal
deformities and reduced life expectancies
Selectins mediate cell-cell interaction
Viral receptors
Blood group identification