Factors Affecting Solubility

Solubility
• Refers to the maximum amount of solute that will
dissolve in a known quantity of solvent at a specific
temperature.
• There are three factors that affect solubility:
• 1. Nature of solute and solvent
• 2. Temperature
• 3. Pressure
 Solubility Curve
• Illustrates how the solubility of a substance varies
with temperature.
• Solubility curves can be used to determine if a given
solution is is saturated or unsaturated. Suppose that
80g of KNO3 added to 100g of water at 30oC .
According to the solubility curve, approximately 48g
of KNO3 will dissolve at 30oC . This means that the
solution will be saturated, since 48g is less than 80g .
We can also determine that there will be 80−48=32g
of undissolved KNO3 remaining at the bottom of the
container. Now, suppose that this saturated solution is
heated to 60oC . According to the curve, the solubility
of KNO3 at 60oC is about 107 g the solution is now
unsaturated, since it still contains only the original
80g of solute, all of which is now dissolved. Then,
suppose the solution is cooled all the way down to
0oC . The solubility at 0oC is about 14g , meaning
that 80−14=66g of the KNO3 will recrystallize.
Factors Affecting the Rate of Dissolving
• The dissolving of a solid by water
depends upon the collisions that
occur between the solvent
molecules and the particles in
the solid crystal. Anything that
can be done to increase the
frequency of those collisions
and/or to give those collisions
more energy will increase the
rate of dissolving.
• 1. Surface Area
• The rate at which a solute dissolves
depends upon the size of the solute
particles. Dissolving is a surface
phenomenon, since it depends on
solvent molecules colliding with the
outer surface of the solute. A given
quantity of solute dissolves faster
when it is ground into small particles
than if it is in the form of a large
chunk, because more surface area is
exposed.
• 2. Agitation of the Solution
• The stirring allows fresh solvent • Heating up the solvent gives the
molecules to continually be in
contact with the solute.
• It is important to realize that
neither stirring nor breaking up a
solute affect the overall amount
of solute that dissolves.
• 3. Temperature
molecules more kinetic energy.
The more rapid motion means
that the solid or liquid solvent
molecules collide with the solute
with greater frequency, and the
collisions occur with more force.
Both factors increase the rate at
which the solid or liquid solute
dissolves.
Colligative Properties of
Solution
• Colligative properties are the properties that depend
on the amount of solute particles and not on
theirphysical and chemical properties.
• Liquid solutions experience the following colligative
properties:
• a. vapor pressure lowering
• b. boiling point elevation
• c. freezing point depression
• d. osmotic pressure
Pressure Lowering
• Vapor pressure is the pressure of the vapor over a liquid (an some
solids) at equilibrium.
• the gaseous and liquid states are in a dynamic equilibrium - the rate of solvent particles
escaping the liquid surface to the gaseous state (evaporation) is equal to the rte of
solvent particles going from the gaseous state to the liquid state.
• How does this change when you add a solute?
• Adding a nonvolatile (does not vaporize easily) npnelectrolyte (does
not dissociate into ions) solute lowers the vapor pressure of the
solvent.
• The rate of evaporation of the
solvent is directly proportional
to the number of solvent
molecules on the surface of the
liquid.
• When you add solute molecules
you lower the concentration of
solvent molecules at the surface
of the liquid, and this decreases
the rate of evaporation.
• By decreasing the number of
molecules getting into the vapor,
you lower the vapor pressure of
the solvent (ΔP) in the solution
as compared to that of pure
solvent (P⁰solvent).
• The amount that the vapor pressure of the solvent has
decreased is called the vapor pressure lowering
• ΔP = P⁰solvent - Psol'n
• Francois Marie Raoult established the quantitative relationship
between the vapor pressure of solvent (Psolvent) above a
solution of nonelectrolyte solute and the mole fraction of
solvent (Xsolvent) in the solution. This relationship is
exppressed by Raoult's Law:
• Psolvent = Xsolvent (P⁰solvent)
• In a solution with a nonvolatile solute, the solvent being
volatile is the one that has a measurable vapor pressure.
• Thus, the vapor pressure of the solution (Psol'n) will just be
equal to the vapor pressure of the solvent (Psolvent)
escaping from the solution.
• Psol'n = Psolvent = Xsolvent (P⁰solvent)
• For solutions containing only 2 substances, the sum of their mole
fractions is equal to 1
• Xsolute + Xsolvent = 1 (eq 1)
• Thus, Xsolvent = 1 - Xsolute (eq 2)

• Substitute eq2 in Raoult's Law equation,

• Psolvent = Xsolvent (P⁰solvent) = (1 - Xsolute) (P⁰solvent)
• Rearranging to introduce ΔP,
• Psolvent - P⁰solvent = ΔP = Xsolute (P⁰solvent)
Sample Problem:
• The vapor pressure of water at 80⁰ C is 355 torr .Calculate
the vapor pressure of an aqueous solution made by
dissolving 50grams of ethylene glycol (C2H6O2 ) in 50 grams of
water. What is the vapor pressure lowering of water in this
solution?
• Calulate the vapor pressure of a solution
containing 345 g of sugar (C12H22O11) dissolved in
2000g of water at 25⁰C. The vapor pressure of
water at this temperature is 24.0 torr.
• If the components of a solution are volatile, the vapor pressure of the
solution is the sum of the individual partial pressures. A volatile
solute (i.e., a solute that has a vapor pressure of its own) will
contribute to the vapor pressure above a solution in which it is
dissolved.
• The vapor pressure above the solution containing a volatile solute (or
solutes) is equal to the sum of the vapor pressures of the solvent and
each of the volatile solutes.
• Psolvent = XsolventP⁰solvent
• Psolute = XsoluteP⁰solute
• Psolution = Psolvent + Psolute + .. = XsolventP⁰solvent + XsoluteP⁰solute +...
 Boiling Point Elevation
• Boiling point is the temperature at which the vapor pressure of the
liquid is equal to the atmospheric pressure.
• When a nonvolatile solute is added to a pure solvent, it lowers the
vapor pressure of the resulting solution as compared to that of pure
solvent; therefore, in ordr to reach the vapor pressure at which the
pure solvent boils, the solution must be heated to temperature higher
than the boiling point of pure solvent. This colligative property is also
dependent on the amount of solute is called boling point
elevation, ΔTb.
• The amount of the elevation of boiling point of a solution is given by
• ΔTb = Kbm
• Where Kb is the molal boiling point elevation constant of the solvent
and m is the molal concentration of the solute.
• The boiling point of the solution is expressed as
• Bpt. Sol'n = Bpt. solvent + ΔTb
Sample Problem
• What is the boiling point of a solution composed of 50.6 g of
sucrose dissolved in 2.000L of water? (Kb of water = 0.52
⁰C/m)

• Ethylene glycol (C2H6O2) is a non-volatile nonelectrolyte

substance used as automolive antifreeze. What is the boiling
point of a solution containing 20.00% by mass of C2H6O2?
• For solutions of electrolytes, the number of moles of ions , i (van't
Hoff factor) that ionize in solution is considered. This factor will be
included in the formula for boiling point elevation.
• Tb = i Kbm
• What is the normal boiling point of 0.138 m aqueous solution of
potassium iodide?
Freezing Point Depression
• So if the boiling point goes up, why does the freezing point go down?
• The freezing point of a pure liquid is higher than the freezing point of a
solution. In order for a liquid to freeze, it must achieve a very ordered
state that results in the formation of crystals held togetehr by IMF.
• In a solution, there are fewer solvent particles present than for pure
solvent since the solute particles, being dissolved, are also occupying
specific areas of the container.
• The particles of the solute disrupt the formation of the orderly pattern
of crystal structure; therefore on the average, fewer solvent particles
have low enough kinetic energy to freeze.
• The difference between the freezing point of the solvent, Fpt solvent
and the freezing point of solution, Fpt. sol'n is the freezing point
depression.
• ΔTf = Fpt solvent - Fpt sol'n

• The freezing point lowering ΔTf is expressed by

• ΔTf = iKfm
• What is the freezing point of a solution that contains
45.5 mg of eucalyptol, C10H18O and 0.650kg of CHCl3?
Eucalyptol is the substance found in the leaves of
eucalyptus tree that gives its characteristic fragrance.
Kf for CHCl3 is 4.68 ⁰C/m and the freezing point is
-63.5 ⁰C