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Different Types of Animal Adaptations.x
Different Types of Animal Adaptations.x
Types of
Animal
Adaptations
2 Learning Objectives;
At the end of the lesson the students shall be able
to;
▹ Discuss the function of the six organ system of
the body;
▹ Examine the negative feedback mechanism in
homeostasis by using an example;
▹ Determine the function of local signaling
molecules and animal hormones; and
▹ Explain the importance of human adaptation on
its survival.
3
Homoestasis
Refers to the process of keeping
the internal body environment in a
steady state, when external
environment is changed.
Homeostasis
4
Conformers Regulators
They depend upon the changes in its They are able to control their
external environment. internal environment irrespective of
their external surroundings to an extent.
Osmoconformers – concentration
conformers Osmoregulator – concentration
regulators
5
• It contains sensory
receptors that keep the
6 brain informed external
conditions.
• It serves as a barrier to keep
out pathogens and it helps
control internal
temperature.
• In land vertebrates, it also
helps conserve water.
• In humans, reactions that
produce vitamin D occur in
the skin.
Evolution of
Nervous Systems
For an animal body to function as an integrated whole, its
cells must communicate with one another.
7
Intercellular communication involves
8 three steps.
▹ First, a signaling molecule released
by one cell reversibly binds to a
receptor on or in another cell.
▹ Second, the signal is transduced,
meaning it is converted into a form
that has an effect in the signal-
receiving cell.
▹ Third, the signal receiving cell
changes in some way in response to
the signal.
Nerve Net
Animals with radial symmetry have mesh of
interconnected neurons called a nerve net.
9
▹ Information flows in all directions
10 among cells of the nerve net, and
there is no centralized, controlling
organ that functions like a brain.
Sea anemones and other cnidarians
are the simplest animals with a
nerve net.
▹ By causing cells in the body wall
to contract a cnidarian nerve net
can alter the size of the mouth,
change the body’s shape, or shift
the position of the tentacles.
11
Getting a Head
Evolution of bilateral body plans was accompanied
by cephalization
12
▹ an evolutionary process in which
13 neurons that detect and process
information about the external
environment became
concentrated at the body’s
anterior, or head end.
▹ A brain is a central control organ
of a nervous system. It receives
and integrates sensory
information, regulates internal
processes, and sends out signals
that bring about movements.
Evolution of
Endocrine System
Cells of an animal body constantly signal one
another.
14
Mechanisms of
15 Intercellular Signaling
▹ Gap junctions allow signaling substances to move directly between the
cytoplasm of adjacent cells. Other cell-cell communication involves
signaling molecules that are secreted into interstitial fluid (fluid between
the cells). These molecules exert effects only when they bind and
respond to a specific signaling molecule is a “target” of that molecule.
▹ Secreted signaling molecules exert their effect by a three-step process.
The molecules bind to a target cell’s receptor, the receptor transduces the
signal (changes it into a form that affects target cell behavior), and the
target cell responds.
The Immune
System
Get rid of any harmful substances in the body.
16
▹ Its general response mechanisms
quickly rid the body of many
17 invaders.
▹ Leukocytes (white blood cells)
divide to form huge populations that
target a specific antigen and destroy
anything bearing it. Some
leukocytes that form during an
adaptive response persist for years
after the infection ends. If the same
antigen returns, these memory cells
can amount a secondary response.
Gas Exchange
Gas exchange is very important in animals, as they require oxygen
in the production of higher amount of energy compared to process
of energy production without oxygen
18
▹ Anaerobic respiration - is the process
energy production without oxygen.
19
▹ In order to acquire oxygen, different
animals have evolved different
adaptations in order to adapt to their
environment. What is constant
among these organisms are:
▹ 1. A thin respiratory structure,
▹ 2. Moist respiratory surface, and
▹ 3. Respiratory with high surface area.
Animal Nutrition
Animal Nutrition is the process of taking in, taking
apart and taking up the nutrients from a food source.
20
▹ Food processing has four main stages:
ingestion, digestion, absorption and
21
elimination or egestion.
▹ In ingestion, or process of taking in
food substances, the animal takes in
food in different ways. Microscopic
animals, for instance, can use special
cavities which can allow entrance of
food or they can use phagocytosis or
pinocytosis wherein food particles are
engulfed, thus creating food vacuole.
22
▹ The function of the stomach is not
only for digestion but also for
storage of food.
▹ Chemical digestion mainly happens
in small intestine, but also occurs in
the mouth and the stomach.
Different Types of How Animals
23 Feed
Filter Feeding Substrate Feeding
▹ uses adaptation in feeding food ▹ animals live in or on their food
particles from the environment, source. Examples of this are the
which is usually aquatic. leaf miner, maggots and other
Examples of these are clams, parasites.
mussels, whales, and etc.
Different Types of How Animals
24 Feed
Fluid feeding Bulk feeding
▹ animals suck nutrient - rich fluid ▹ animals, such as humans, take in
from a host or a source. They large particle size food.
have different adaptations in Different animals have acquired
order to get food such as the different adaptations such as
proboscis of mosquitoes, the tentacles, claws, venomous
long tongue nectar feeding bats, fangs, large mandible and teeth
and long beaks of humming which aids in killing prey or
bird. tearing off pieces of meat or
vegetation.
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