Community Water Supply and

Sanitation
(WSEE 3143)

CHAPTER ONE
 Chapter One
Introduction-CWSS
Water Supply, Community , Health and
Socio-Economic Development
Community is a group of people living in the same defined
area sharing the same basic values, organization and interest.
 Safe, adequate and accessible supplies of water combined
with proper sanitation are surely basic needs and essential
components of primary health care for given community.
 They are also a source and condition for, socio-economic
development.
 Improved Hygiene and Health
• A sufficient amount of safe drinking water is important in the
control of many diseases.
 Cont...

• WHO has estimated that as many as 80% of all

infectious disease in the world are associated
with insufficient and unsafe water.
• This is particularly well established for diseases.
Conventionally diseases related to water are
classified into four as;
a. Water-born diseases
• Diseases caused by ingestion of water
contaminated by human or animal excrement,
which contain pathogenic micro-organisms.
 Cont...

 In addition, water-born diseases can be caused

by the pollution of water with chemicals that
have an adverse effects on health.
E.g. Arsenic , Fluoride-which is common
problem in Ethiopia which causes teeth decay or
dental fluorosis and skeletal fluorosis.
 Cont..
• Nitrates from fertilizers
• Carcinogenic pesticides(DDT)
• Lead(from pipes)
• Heavy metals
b. Water Washed Diseases
• Diseases caused by poor personal hygiene and
skin and eye contact with contaminated water
c. Water-Based Diseases
• Diseases caused by parasites found in
intermediate organisms living in
contaminated/stagnant water.
 Cont..
d. Water Related Diseases
 Diseases are caused by insect vectors especially
mosquitos, that bread or feed near contaminated
water.
 They are not typically associated with lack of
access to clean drinking water or sanitation
services.
 Socio-Economic Development
• As well as better public health, improved water
services are also a source of, and condition for,
socio-economic development.
• Development comes both from the services
themselves and from the processes of their
planning, establishment and management.
• The water supply itself reduces the work
drudgery.
 Cont..
• Reducing time & Energy for water collection may
bring more equity b/n the sexes.
 In many tropical countries women work longer
hours than men due to among other things, the
long distances for collecting water and fuel wood.
 Women have chosen to use time& energy savings
of an improved water supply for their domestic
economic, social and managerial tasks.
 Time saved is used for household & childcare,
including the collection of more water for hygiene.
 Cont..
• Development benefits also come from the process of
participatory planning, implementation and management.
 Involving women & men community members from
community in the planning and establishment of the new
service means that local resources are organized and utilized.
 Simultaneously, the involved groups acquire new knowledge
& capabilities.
 The water services also create new functions, jobs and,
sometimes, whole enterprises.
 Positive experience & new skills in transparent & socially
equitable community organization, decision-making, financing
and management benefit not only the water service but also
other community development projects.
 Continued…
In summary problems associated with in using insufficient
& unsafe water (in Global context) are;
• Cause for about 80% of infectious disease
• More than 5 million people die each year
• 2 million die from water related diarrhea alone
• Most of those dying are small children
 Other consequences like;
• Lost work days
• Missed educational opportunities
• Official and unofficial health care cost
• Draining of family resources
 Small community water supplies
in developing countries
 in the past, project and programs have often overlooked the
different nature and history of small communities.
 They have applied so-called blanket approach, using the
same technology and service level and the same
maintenance, management and financing systems in every
community.
 Implementation followed the same national design criteria
and the same technical & social processes everywhere,
irrespective of local social and economic conditions.
 It is hardly surprising that the resulting services were often
unsustainable.
 Continued…
 Nowadays, water projects and programs
increasingly organize that different types of
communities want and can sustain different
solutions, not only for technologies and service
levels, but also with regard to local maintenance,
management and financing arrangements.
 For technical option of community water supply,
the following a climbing frame of water
technology option can be used. (Look next fig 1.1-
A climbing frame of choices for improved
community water supplies)
 1.3. Overview of WASH program in
Ethiopia
 What is WASH?
WA :- Water
S :-Sanitation
H :- Hygiene
 Why WASH is big concern?
• Billion people live without clean, safe and adequate water
supply globally
• A third of the world(> 2.4 billion people) live without a clean
and private place to defecate and urinate.
• In Ethiopia, current national water supply coverage is 52.12%
(Rural 48.85% and Urban 74.64%), and
• National sanitation coverage is 63%(60.39% rural and 80.35%
urban)
 Cont…
• Health institutions accessed to latrine facilities are
84.61% and water supply 32.29%
• Schools accessed to latrine facilities are 80.58% and
water supply 31.39%.
• Less than 1% and only about 5% of government
spending goes to low-cost water & sanitation in
developing & rich countries respectively.
As Result:
• 1.8 million people(90% are children <5) die every year
from diarrheal diseases( 250,000 in Ethiopia)
• 500 million people are at risk from trachoma( 146
million leads to blindness)
 cont…
• 1.2 million people die of malaria each year(90% are
children <5)
• More than 133 million people suffer from intestinal
helminthes infections.
As Studies shows;
• Improved sanitation reduces diarrheal disease by > 37%.
• Improved water supply reduces diarrheal disease by >
25%.
• Both together reduces by more than 57%
• Proper hand washing with soap reduces diarrheal risk by
> 47%.
 cont…
• “ once we can secure access to clean water and
adequate sanitation facilities for all people,
irrespective of the differences in their living
conditions, a huge battle against all kinds of
diseases will be won.”(WHO)
To improve prevailing condition WASH GTP/UAP
Targets by 2015
 Ethiopian government aims at achieving 98.5%
coverage of water supply and 84% sanitation , far
more ambitious than the MDG’s target of 50%.
 Other important hygiene and sanitation related
targets under Sanitation Strategic Action Plan(SAP)
 cont…
are to achieve;
• 82% open defection free Ethiopia
• 84% access to improved sanitation
• 77% practicing hand washing with soap at critical times and
• 77% practices household water treatment and safe
storage.
To achieve the ambitious goals laid out in the growth and
transformation plan for safe water and improved hygiene
and sanitation, the Federal government of Ethiopia has
developed the National WASH Implementation
Framework(WIF)for the National water supply, Sanitation
and Hygiene program (WASH GTP/UAP).
Implementation is planned to be achieved through
Integration i.e. is WASH is designed to integrate
 Water supply( urban, Rural and pastoralist)
 Hygiene and Sanitation
 WASH in School and health facilities
And, also through promotion of low- tech water
supply and sanitation technologies those are
easily operated and maintained by user
communities.
 Challenges of WASH program/Sector in
Ethiopia
 Lack of trained human power and logistics especially at
lower level(district level)
 Poor integration of water supply with sanitation and
hygiene because of weak inter-sectorial coordination
 High capital-intensive nature of water supply projects
 Low private sector involvement
 Low water supply schemes sustainability(non-
functional) due to different factors(Community,
technical, financial, institutional, Environmental)
 non-functionality of water supply schemes ranges b/n
30-40% in rural areas.
 Hydrogeological problems and others
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