The Muslim World Expands,

1300–1700
Three great Muslim powers—the Ottoman,
Safavid, and Mughal empires—emerge between
1300 and 1600. By 1700 all three were in decline.

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The Muslim World Expands,
1300–1700

SECTION 1 The Ottomans Build a Vast Empire

SECTION 2 CASE STUDY: Cultural Blending

SECTION 3 The Mughal Empire in India

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Section 1
The Ottomans Build a
Vast Empire
The Ottomans establish a Muslim empire
that combine many cultures and lasted for
more than 600 years.

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SECTION

1 The Ottomans Build a Vast Empire

Turks Move into Byzantium

Turkish Warriors
• Many Turks live in Anatolia, on edge of Byzantine
Empire
• Many see themselves as ghazis—warriors who
fight for Islam
Osman Establishes a State
• From 1300 to 1326, Osman, successful ghazi, builds
state in Anatolia
• Europeans call him Othman and followers Ottomans
• Ottomans win battles because they use muskets and
cannons
• Successors expand state through alliances and land
buying
Continued . . .
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continued Turks Move into Byzantium

Osman Establishes a State

• Orkhan, Osman’s son, declares himself sultan—
overlord
• In 1361, Turks conquer Adrianople
• Ottomans rule fairly over conquered peoples
Timur the Lame Halts Expansion
• Timur the Lame—Tamerlane—rises to power in
Central Asia
• Timur defeats Ottomans in 1402, burning Baghdad

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Powerful Sultans Spur Dramatic Expansion

Murad II
• Murad II begins expansion
Mehmed II Conquers Constantinople
• Murad’s son, Mehmed II, conquers
Constantinople in 1453
• Opens city to Jews, Christians, and Muslims and
rebuilds
Ottomans Take Islam’s Holy Cities
• In 1512, Selim the Grim, Mehmed’s grandson,
comes to power
• He defeats Persian Safavids and pushes into
North Africa
• Conquers Mecca, Medina, and Cairo: important
Muslim cities
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SECTION

Suleyman the Lawgiver

A Great Ruler
• Suleyman the Lawgiver, Selim’s son, rules from
1520 to 1566
The Empire Reaches Its Limits
• Suleyman conquers Belgrade (1521) and
Rhodes (1522)
• Ottomans control eastern Mediterranean
• Turks take North African coastline, control inland
trade routes
• Suleyman’s forces advance to Vienna
• By 1526, Ottoman Empire is the largest in the
world

Continued . . .
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SECTION

continued Suleyman the Lawgiver

Highly Structured Social Organization

• Suleyman creates law code, reduces
bureaucracy, simplifies taxation
• Army uses devshirme—drafts boys from
conquered lands
• Trains 30,000 elite soldiers—janissaries—loyal
only to the sultan
• Jews and Christians allowed to practice own
religion
Cultural Flowering
• Suleyman’s broad interests lead to flourishing of
arts, learning
• Sinan, brilliant architect, designs magnificent
Mosque of Suleyman
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The Empire Declines Slowly

Gradual Fall
• Suleyman kills one son and exiles another
• Third son inherits throne but rules weakly
• Later sultans kill their brothers and leave their
sons uneducated
• Long line of weak sultans leads to empire’s
eventual fall

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Section 2
Cultural Blending
CASE STUDY: The Safavid Empire
The Safavid Empire produce a rich and complex
blended culture in Persia.

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SECTION

2
Cultural Blending
CASE STUDY:The Safavid Empire

Patterns of Cultural Blending

Cultural Blending in Persia
• Between16th and 18th centuries a Shi’ite Muslim
dynasty ruled Persia
• Safavid Empire—Shi’ite Muslim dynasty from 16th to
18th centuries
Causes of Cultural Blending
• Changes occur through migration, conquest, trade,
or religion
Results of Cultural Blending
• Changes in language, religion, government, use of
technology
• Racial and ethnic blending, intermarriage
• Cultural styles adapted into arts and architecture
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The Safavids Build an Empire

Safavid Origins
• Begins as religious order named for founder
• Safavids concentrate on building powerful military
Isma’il Conquers Persia
• Fourteen-year-old Isma’il conquers Iran by 1451
• Takes title of shah—king
• Makes Shi’a Islam official religion; kills Sunnis
• Son, Tahmasp, greatly expands empire

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A Safavid Golden Age

Abbas the Great
• Shah Abbas—Abbas the Great—takes throne in
1587
Reforms
• Helps create a thriving Safavid culture
• Reforms military and government; brings in Christian
trade
A New Capital
• Esfahan—new capital—is one of world’s most
beautiful cities
Art Works
• Chinese artisans blend Chinese and Persian styles
Carpets
• Carpet weaving becomes national industry NEXT
SECTION

The Dynasty Declines Quickly

The Safavid Empire Weakens
• Abbas kills and blinds his ablest sons
• Safi, Abbas’s incompetent grandson, leads to
empire’s decline
• By 1722, the empire is losing land to the
Ottomans and Afghans
• Nadir Shah Afshar expands the empire, but it falls
apart in 1747

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Section 3
The Mughal Empire
in India
The Mughal Empire brings Turks, Persians,
and Indians together in a vast empire.

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3 The Mughal Empire in India

Early History of the Mughals

Mongol Invaders
• Mughals, or Mongols, invade northwestern India
Conflict
• Muslims and Hindus fight for almost 300 years
• In 1000, loose empire of Turkish warlords—Delhi
Sultanate—forms
Delhi Sultanate
• Sultans rule from Delhi between 13th and 16th
centuries
• Timur the Lame destroys Delhi in 1398

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Early History of the Mughals

Babur Founds an Empire
• Babur becomes king of small land in Central Asia at
age 11
• Is dethroned and driven south into India
• Army conquers much of northern India, forming
Mughal Empire
• Son Humayun loses most of the territory Babur
conquered
• Babur’s grandson succeeds Humayan

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Akbar’s Golden Age

Babur’s Grandson
• Akbar—“Greatest One”— rules India from 1556
to 1605
A Military Conqueror
• Akbar uses cannons; names native Indians as
officers
A Liberal Ruler
• Akbar allows religious freedom and abolishes tax on
non-Muslims
• Akbar allows all people a chance to serve in high
government office
• Hindu finance minister develops better tax plan;
income grows
• Akbar gives land to his officials, then reclaims Continued . . .
it when they die NEXT
SECTION

continued Akbar’s Golden Age

A Flowering of Culture
• Many cultures blend, mixing art, education,
politics, and language
• New languages like Hindi and Urdu emerge
The Arts and Literature
• Book illustrations, called miniatures, flourish
• Hindu literature reemerges during Akbar’s rule
Architecture
• New architectural style named for Akbar develops

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Akbar’s Successors
Jahangir and Nur Jahan
• Akbar’s son, Jahangir, allows wife Nur Jahan to
control government
• Nur Jahan appoints her father prime minister
• Nur Jahan favors son Khusrau over other sons
• Khusrau rebels, supported by Sikhs, nonviolent
religious group
• Sikhs become targets of Mughal hatred

Continued . . .
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continued Akbar’s Successors

Shah Jahan
• Shah Jahan—Jahangir’s son and successor,
marries Persian princess
• Assassinates all competitors for throne
• His wife dies while giving birth to her 14th child in
1631
• Taj Mahal—huge marble tomb Shah Jahan
builds for his wife
• Taj Mahal is one of the most beautiful buildings
in the world

Continued . . .
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continued Akbar’s Successors

The People Suffer

• People suffer paying for wars and monuments
• Shah Jahan’s third son—Aurangzeb—imprisons
father and takes over
Aurangzeb’s Reign
• Rules between 1658 and 1707; expands empire to
its largest
• Strictly enforces Islamic law and attempts to get rid
of Hindus
• Hindus rebel and Sikhs become militant
• Levies oppressive taxes on Hindus, causing more
rebellion

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The Empire’s Decline and Decay

The Mughal Empire Crumbles
• Over 2 million people die of famine while Aurangzeb
wages war
• Emperor becomes a figurehead; empire breaks into
separate states
• Meanwhile, traders arrive from England, Holland,
France, Portugal
• European traders gain key ports

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