Chapter 2

Organic compounds:
Families and Functional Group
• Classification of organic compounds
• General formula, graphical, molecular, structural
formulas
• Isomerism, skeletal, stereoisomerism, positional
• organic chemistry is the study of molecules that contain
carbon, they also contain other atoms.

• organic molecules can contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen,

nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur. ... Functional

groups are groups of atoms that we often find together that

have a specific behavior.
Classification of organic compds
 Functional Group
• Functional group: A group of atoms whose bonding is the
same from molecule to molecule.

• A functional group has similar behavior regardless of the

molecule that contains it, so molecules with
identical functional groups tend to have similar chemical and
physical properties.
 Common fuctional groups

• organic chemistry, the most common functional groups are

carbonyls (C=O),
• alcohols (-OH),
• carboxylic acids (CO2H),
• esters (CO2R), and
• amines (NH2).
It is important to be able to recognize the functional groups and
the physical and chemical properties that they afford compounds.
Test: Identify the groups 1-9
O O
•1 2.
CH3 CH C CH3 C
3.
OH
O CH3
1. NH2
4.
CH2 CH CH CH2 5. O
H C
CH3 CH OH
O
7. C HO CH 6.
CH2 CH OH
HO CH
CH2 8. CH2
CH2 SH OH

O 9. O
CH3 C O C CH3 11-10
Test: Identify the groups 1-9
O O
•1 an amine 2.
•2 a carboxylic acid CH3 CH C CH3 C
3.
OH
O CH3
•3 an ester 1. NH2
•4 an alkene 4.
•5 an aldehyde CH2 CH CH CH2 5. O
H C
•6 an alcohol CH3 CH OH
•7 a ketone O
7. C HO CH 6.
•8 a thiol
CH2 CH OH
•9 an anhydride
HO CH
CH2 8. CH2
CH2 SH OH

O 9. O
CH3 C O C CH3 11-11
• Intra molecular forces of • Intermolecular force of
attraction attraction

• Are forces that hold atoms • Are forces that exist between
together within the molecule molecules
Difference between intermolecular and
intramolecular force of attraction
• Which is stronger between the intramolecular forces and
intermolecular forces

it’s the intramolecular forces because of the covalent bond

that hold them together
• Types of intermolecular forces of attraction
• London or Dispersion Forces
• Dipole- dipole interaction
• Hydrogen bond
London dispersion forces and dipole-dipole are often
commonly referred as van der Waals forces.
• ion –dipole
The first three are common intermolecular force that occur
in organic compounds
London dipersion force
• - a weak intermolecular force between two atoms or molecules
 in close proximity to each other. The force is a quantum force
generated by electron repulsion between the electron clouds of 
two atoms or molecules as they approach
• - weakest of the van der Waals forces and is the force that
causes nonpolar atoms or molecules to condense into liquids
 or solids as the temperature is lowered.
London Dispersion Forces
or Van der Waal
• Temporary or weak dipole interactions (such as those between
nonmetals) in nonpolar compounds (ex. H2 , Ne , Ar(l) , I2(s))
London forces
• Dipole-Dipole Interactions
• Permanent or strong dipole interactions (such as those between
nonmetals) in polar compounds  (ex.H2S, CH3Cl)
the strenght of this forces increase with increased
molecular weight 
• Hydrogen bonds are intermolecular forces of attraction that
form between the positive dipole of a hydrogen atom of one
molecule and the partially negative dipole of fluorine (F),
oxygen (O), and nitrogen (N) atoms of neighboring molecules.
• Hydrogen bonds are intermolecular forces of attraction that
form between the positive dipole of a hydrogen atom of one
molecule and the partially negative dipole of fluorine (F),
oxygen (O), and nitrogen (N) atoms of neighboring molecules.
Bond strenght : Ion – dipole > hydrogen bonding >dipole-dipole
> London force

• The stronger the intermolecular force, the higher the boiling

point
• other factor is the molecular wt.
the lesser the molecular wt, the lesser the
boiling point
Ion- Dipole

• A  lone dipole may also interact with a single ion to form

an ion-dipole interaction.
(Ionic Bonding)
 Practice exercise
1. Which probably has the lowest boiling point at 1.00 atm?a.
a. HF b. HCl c. HBr d. HI f.
H2SO4

2. The vapor pressure of a liquid increases exponentially with

increasing temperature chiefly because:
A. the fraction of high energy molecules increases much faster
than the average energy.
  B. the enthalpy of vaporization increases.
  C. atmospheric pressure increases.
  D. the strength of the intermolecular forces increases.
E.  the average molecular mass increases.
• Which statement is false?
• (a) Molecular solids generally have lower melting points than
covalent solids.
• (b) Metallic solids exhibit a wide range of melting points because
metallic bonds cover a wide range of bond strength.
• (c) The metallic solid can be viewed as positive ions closely packed
in a sea of valence electrons.
• (d) Most molecular solids melt at lower temperatures than metallic
solids.
• (e) The interactions among the molecules in molecular solids are
generally stronger than those among the particles that define either
covalent or ionic crystal lattices.
Isomers
• Are molecules with the
same formula but
different arrangements
of the carbon skeleton
Stereoisomerism – arrangement of atoms in molecule where
connectivity remains the same but their arrangement in
space is different

Types of stereoisomerism • Optical isomers (also

• diasteriomerism- have known as enantiomers
diffent configurations at and chirality
one or more equivalent - mirror image
centers are NOT mirror
image of each other