SPECIFICATION & ESTIMATION

AR2502
 UNIT-1 SPECIFICATION
NECESSITY OF SPECIFICATION :

1.Describes the nature and the class of the work.

2.Cost of work depends on the Specification.

ARCHITECTURAL OR STRUCTURAL DRAWINGS DO NOT FURNISH THE DETAILS OF

VARIOUS KINDS OF DETAILS SUCH AS QUANTITY OF MATERIALS, PROPORTION
OF MORTAR AND WORKMANSHIP……
….FOR THAT WE NEED SPECIFICATION!

A MASON MIXES CEMENT, CONCRETE BEING POURED AS BRICKS USED FOR COARSE AGGREGATE
SAND AND WATER TO A PROCESS OF CASTING IS CONSTRUCTION. 40mm
PREPARE MORTAR UNDERWAY.
SPECIFICATION DEPENDS ON
1.NATURE OF THE WORK,
UNIT-1 SPECIFICATION
2.THE PURPOSE FOR WHICH THE WORK IS REQUIRED,
3.STRENGTH OF THE MATERIALS,
4.AVAILIBILITY OF THE MATERIAL,
5.QUALITY OF THE MATERIAL, ETC.

GENERAL SPECIFICATION GIVES THE NATURE AND CLASS OF THE WORK AND
MATERIALS IN GENERAL TERMS, TO BE USED IN THE VARIOUS PARTS OF THE WORK,
FROM FOUNDATION TO SUPERSTRUCTURE.

SPECIFICATIONS GIVES IDEA OF THE WHOLE WORK AND ARE

USEFUL FOR PREPARING THE ESTIMATE.

Whether you are an architect, engineer, interior designer or any other

design consultant in the field of construction, the most important part
of any project beyond the drawings is the
 UNIT-1 SPECIFICATION
THERE ARE 2 TYPES OF SPECIFICATION:

•GENERAL SPECIFICATION

•DETALED SPECIFICATION

GENERAL SPECIFICATION

General Specification gives the nature and class

of the work.
 Materials to be used in the various parts of the
work specifying materials, proportions, qualities,
etc.

DETAILED SPECIFICATION

It is a detailed description and gives the Requirements in DETAIL.

 The detailed Specification of an item of work specifies the qualities and quantities of
materials, the proportions of mortar, workmanship, method of preparation and execution and
the methods of measurement.
Detailed Specification are written to express the requirements clearly in concise from
avoiding repetition and ambiguity.
To be arranged in the same sequence of order as the work is carried out.
Detailed Specification form an Important part of the Contract Document.
 UNIT-1 SPECIFICATION

GENERAL RULES FOR WRITING SPECIFICATION :

1)Measurements shall be item wise for the finished item of work and the description of each
item shall be held to include materials, transport, labour, fabrication, hoisting, tools and
plants, overheads and other charges for finishing the work to the required shape and size,
design and specifications.
2)The dimensions of the order shall be in the sequence of length, breadth and height or depth
or thickness.
3) All work shall be measured net subject to following tolerances unless otherwise stated—
a.Dimensions shall be measured to the nearest 0.01 meter.
b.Areas shall be measured to the nearest 0.01 sq.m
c.Cubic contents shall be worked up to th nearest 0.01 cu.m

4)Same type of work under different conditions and nature shall be measured separately
under separate items.
5)The bill of quantities shall fully describe the materials, proportions and workmanships, and
accurately represent the work to be executed.
6) In case of Structural Concrete, brickwork or stone masonry, the work under the
following categories shall be measured separately.
DESIGN SPECIFICATION : UNIT-1 SPECIFICATION

A Design Specification is a detailed document providing information about the characteristics

of a project to set criteria the developers are set to meet. Its use is called for when a Structure
has to specifically made to meet a unique need. For example, a Design Specification must
include all the necessary drawings, dimensions, environmental factors, ergonomic factors,
aesthetic factors, cost maintenance that will be needed, quality, safety, documentation and
description. It also tells specific examples of how to design of a project are to be executed,
helping others work properly.
 UNIT-2 SPECIFICATION WRITING
BRIEF SPECIFICATION FOR FIRST CLASS BUILDING:

A. FOUNDATION AND PLINTH:

Foundation and plinth shall be of 1 st class brickwork in lime mortar or 1:6 cement mortar over lime concrete or
1:4:8 cement concrete.

B. DAMP PROOF COURSE:

D.P.C shall be 2.5cm (1”) thick cement concrete 1:1.5:3, mixed with 1Kg of Impermo per bag of cement or
other standard water proofing materials as specified and painted with two coats of Bitumen.

C. SUPERSTRUCTURE:
Superstructure shall be of 1st class brickwork with lime mortar or 1:6 cement mortar. Lintels over doors and
windows shall be of R.C.C

D. ROOFING:
Roof shall be of R.C.C slab with an insulation layer and lime concrete terracing above, supported over R.S
Joists or R.C.C beams as required. Height of rooms shall not be less than 3.7m (12feet).

E. FLOORING:
Drawing room and dining room floors shall be of mosaic (terrazzo). Bathroom and W.C floors and Dado shall
be of Mosaic (terrazzo). Floors of bedrooms shall be colored and polished of 2.5cm(1”) cement concrete over
7.5cm (3”) lime concrete. Floors of others shall be of 2.5cm cement concrete over 7.5cm lime concrete
polished.

• FINISHING:
Inside and Outside walls shall be of 12mm cement lime plastered 1:6. Drawing, dining and bedroom-inside
shall be distempered. Other rooms inside shall be white washed 3 coats. Outside shall be colored snowcem
washed two coats over one coat of white wash.
 UNIT-2 SPECIFICATION WRITING

BRIEF SPECIFICATION FOR FIRST CLASS BUILDING:

G. DOORS & WINDOWS:

Chaukhats shall be seasoned teak wood. Shutters shall be teak wood 4.3 cm thick paneled glazed or partly
paneled and partly glazed as required, with additional wire gauge shutters. All fittings shall be of brass. Doors
and windows shall be varnished or painted two coats with high class enamel paint over one coat of priming.
Windows shall be provided with iron gratings or grills.

H. MISCELLANEOUS:
Rain water pipes of cast iron or of asbestos cement shall be provided and finished painted. Building shall be
provided with 1st class sanitary and water fittings and electrical installations. 1meter wide 7.5cm thick C.C
1:3:6 apron shall be provided all around the building.

First Class Brick-Work

 UNIT-2 SPECIFICATION WRITING

BRIEF SPECIFICATION FOR SECOND CLASS BUILDING:

A. FOUNDATION AND PLINTH:

Foundation and plinth shall be of 1 st class brickwork in lime mortar over lime concrete.

B. DAMP PROOF COURSE:

D.P.C shall be 2.0cm (3/4”) thick cement concrete 1:2, mixed with 1Kg of Impermo per bag of cement or other
standard water proofing materials.

C. SUPERSTRUCTURE:
Superstructure shall be of 2nd class brickwork in lime mortar. Lintels over doors and windows shall be of R.B

D. ROOFING:
Roof shall be of R.B slab with 7.5cm lime concrete terracing above (or flat terraced roof supported over
wooden battens and beams, or Jack arch roof). Verandah roof may be of A.C sheet or Allahabad Tiles.

E. FLOORING:
floors shall be 2.5 cm cement concrete over 7.5 cm L.C Verandah floor shall be of brick tile or flag stone over
lime concrete, finished cement painted.

• FINISHING:
Inside and Outside walls shall be of 12mm cement lime plastered 1:6. Ceiling shall be cement plastered 1:3.
Inside shall be white washed 3 coats, color washed two coats over one coat of white wash.

G. FINISHING:
Inside and Outside walls shall be of 12mm cement lime plastered 1:6. Ceiling shall be cement plastered 1:3.
Inside shall be white washed 3 coats, color washed two coats over one coat of white wash.
 UNIT-2 SPECIFICATION WRITING

BRIEF SPECIFICATION FOR SECOND CLASS BUILDING:

H. DOORS & WINDOWS:

Chaukhats shall be of R.C.C or well seasoned Sal wood. Shutters shall be teak wood shutters of shisham
woodor Deodar wood 4cm thick, paneled and partly glazed as required, fitted with iron fittings. Doors and
windows shall be painted two coats over one coat of priming.

I. MISCELLANEOUS:
Rain water pipes of cast iron shall be provided and finished painted. Building shall be provided sanitary and
water fittings and electrical installations if required.
 UNIT-2 SPECIFICATION WRITING

BRIEF SPECIFICATION FOR THIRD CLASS BUILDING:

A. FOUNDATION AND PLINTH:

Foundation and plinth shall be of 2 ND class brickwork in lime mortar over lime concrete.

B. DAMP PROOF COURSE:

D.P.C shall be 2.0cm (3/4”) thick cement concrete 1:2, mixed with standard water proofing materials.

C. ROOFING:
Roof shall be of mud over Tiles or brick or planks over wooden beams or of tiles or G.I sheet or A.C sheet
sloping.

D. FLOORING:
Floors shall be of brick-on-edge floor over well rammed earth.

E. FINISHING:
Inside and Outside walls shall be plastered with lime mortar white washed 3 coats.

A. DOORS & WINDOWS:

Chaukhats shall be of Salwood, and shutters of chir mango or other country wood. Doors and windows shall be
painted two coats with ordinary paint over one coat of priming.
 UNIT-2 SPECIFICATION WRITING

DETAILED SPECIFICATION FOR EARTHWORK EXCAVATION:

1. EXCAVATION: Foundation trenches shall be dug out to exact width of foundation concrete and the
sides shall be vertical. If the soil is not good and does not permit vertical sides, the sides should be
sloped back or protected with timber shoring. Excavated earth shall not be placed within 1m of the
edge of the trench.
2. Finish of Trench: The bottom of foundation trenches shall be perfectly leveled both longitudinally and
traversely and the sides of the trench shall be dressed perfectly vertical from bottom up to least
thickness of loose concrete. The bed of the trench shall be lightly watered and well rammed. Excess
digging should be filled with concrete at expense of contractor. If rocks and boulders are found then
they should be removed and earth should be levelled. Foundation concrete shall not be laid until an
inspection by the site engineer in-charge.
3. FINDS: Any treasure or materials found during excavation will be the property of Government.
4. WATER IN FOUNDATION: Water, if any accumulates in the trench, should be bailed or pumped without
any extra payment and necessary precautions to be taken to prevent surface water to enter in Trench.
5. TRENCH FILLING: After foundation concrete has been filled and brick-work completed the trench is
to be filled in 6”layers and well rammed. The earth-filling shall be free from rubbish and surplus earth
will be disposed and the site will be leveled and dressed.
6. MEASURMENT: The measurement of the excavation shall be taken in Cu.m as for rectangular trench
bottom width of concrete multiplied by the vertical depth of foundation from ground level and
multiplied by length of trenches.

EXCAVATION IN SATURATED SOIL:

Excavation in saturated soil or below sub-soil water level shall be taken under a saperate item and
shall be carried out in the same manner as above. Pumping or bailing out of water and removal of
slush shall be included in this item. Timbering of the sides of trenches if required shall be taken under
a separate item and paid separately.
 UNIT-2 SPECIFICATION WRITING

DETAILED SPECIFICATION FOR PLAIN CEMENT CONCRETE(1:2:4):

MATERIALS:
Aggregate shall be of invert materials and should be clean, dense, hard, sound, durable,
nonabsorbent, and capable of developing good bond with mortar.

Coarse aggregate shall be of hard broken stone of granite or similar stone, free from dust, dirt
etc. The stone ballast shall be of 20mm size and down and all should be retained in a 5mm
mesh. For building work 20mm gauge and for road work and mass work 40 to 60 mm gauge to
be used.

Fine Aggregate shall be of course sand consisting of hard, sharp and angular grains and shall
pass through screen of 5mm square mesh. Sand shall be of standard specification clean and
free from dust, dirt, and organic matters. Sea sand shall not be used. It may also be of crushed
stone if specified.

Cement shall be fresh portland cement of standard I.S.I specifications and shall have the same
required tensile and compressive stresses and fineness.

Water shall be clean and free from alkaline and acid matters and suitable for drinking
purposes.

PROPORTIONS:
The proportions of concrete shall be 1:2:4 as cement:sand:stone:ballast by volume unless
otherwise specified. Minimum compressive strength of concrete of 1:2:4 proportion shall be
140kg per sq.cm (2000lbs/sq.in) on 7 days.
 UNIT-2 SPECIFICATION WRITING

DETAILED SPECIFICATION FOR PLAIN CEMENT CONCRETE(1:2:4):

1. Stone aggregate and sand shall be measured by volume with boxes.

2. One bag of cement (50kg) shall be considered as 1/30 cu.m.
3. Size of measured box shall be 30cm x 30cm x 38cm OR 35cm x 35cm x 28cm equivalent to content of
one bag of cement. All materials should be dry. Mixing shall be of machine mixing. For small work
hand mixing by batches may be allowed.
4. HAND MIXING shall be done in masonry platform or sheet iron tray. For concrete of 1:2:4 proportion
first two boxes of sand and one bag of cement shall be mixed dry thoroughly and the whole mixed dry
turnings at least 3 times to have uniform mix. Water shall then be added slowly and gradually with a
water can while being mixed to the required workability 25 to 30 liters per bag of cement to give a
plastic mix of the required workability and the water cement ratio.
5. MACHINE MIXING-- Stone ballast sand and cement shall be put into the cement concrete mixer to
have the required proportions. For concrete 1:2:4 first 4 boxes of stone ballast, then 2 boxes of sand
and then one bag of cement shall be put into the C.C Mixer, the machine shall then be revolved to mix
materials dry and then water shall be added gradually to the required quantity 25 to 30 liters per bag.
This should be a plastic mix of uniform color. It requires 1 to 1.5 min rotation for thorough mixing.
Output of concrete mixer is 15 to 20 mix per hour.
6. SLUMP– Regular slump test should be carried out to control the addition of water and to maintain the
required consistency. A slump of 7.5cm to 10.0cm may be allowed for building work and 3 to 4 cm for
road work.
7. FORMWORK– Formwork centering and shuttering shall be provided as required, as per standard
specifications before laying concrete to keep the concrete in position. The inner surface of the
shuttering shall be oiled to prevent concrete sticking. Water should be sprinkled over the shuttering
before concrete is laid. Forms should not be removed before 14 days in general but side forms can be
removed in 3 days. Formwork shall be removed slowly and carefully to avoid damage to concrete.
 UNIT-2 SPECIFICATION WRITING

DETAILED SPECIFICATION FOR PLAIN CEMENT CONCRETE(1:2:4) :

8. LAYING-- Concrete shall be laid in layers not exceeding 6” and compacted by pinning with rods and
tamping with wooden or mechanical vibrating machine until a dense concrete is obtained. For
important mechanical vibrating machines are to be used; For thick or mass concrete immersion type
vibrators are to be used and for thin concrete surface vibrators are to be used. Over vibration will
separate concrete from coarse aggregate and should be avoided.
Concrete shall be laid continuously, if laying is suspended for rest then the end shall be sloped at an
angle of 30deg. And made rough for further joining. When work is resumed the ends are made rough
and watered and a grout of neat cement shall be applied and the fresh concrete shall be laid.
9. CURING– After about 2 hrs laying when concrete has begun to harden, it shall be kept damp by
covering with wet gunny bags or wet sand for 24 hrs. the surface should be kept damp for next 15
days.
 UNIT-2 SPECIFICATION WRITING

DETAILED SPECIFICATION FOR PLAIN CEMENT CONCRETE(1:4:8):

MATERIALS:
Aggregate shall be of invert materials and should be clean, dense, hard, sound, durable,
nonabsorbent, and capable of developing good bond with mortar.

Coarse aggregate shall be of hard broken stone of granite or similar stone, free from dust, dirt
etc. The stone ballast shall be of 40mm size and down. For building foundation work 40mm
gauge stone ballast to be used.

Fine Aggregate shall be of course sand consisting of hard, sharp and angular grains and shall
pass through screen of 5mm square mesh. Sand shall be of standard specification clean and
free from dust, dirt, and organic matters. Sea sand shall not be used. It may also be of crushed
stone if specified.

Cement shall be fresh portland cement of standard I.S.I specifications and shall have the same
required tensile and compressive stresses and fineness.

Water shall be clean and free from alkaline and acid matters and suitable for drinking
purposes.

PROPORTIONS:
The proportions of concrete for Foundation work shall be 1:4:8 as cement:sand:stone:ballast
by volume unless otherwise specified. Minimum compressive strength of concrete of 1:4:8
proportion shall be 420kg per sq.cm.
 UNIT-2 SPECIFICATION WRITING

DETAILED SPECIFICATION FOR PLAIN CEMENT CONCRETE1:4:8) :

1. Stone aggregate and sand shall be measured by volume with boxes.

2. One bag of cement (50kg) shall be considered as 1/30 cu.m.
3. Size of measured box shall be 30cm x 30cm x 38cm OR 35cm x 35cm x 28cm equivalent to content of
one bag of cement. All materials should be dry. Mixing shall be of machine mixing. For small work
hand mixing by batches may be allowed.
4. HAND MIXING shall be done in masonry platform or sheet iron tray. For concrete of 1:4:8 proportion
first four boxes of sand and one bag of cement shall be mixed dry thoroughly and the whole mixed dry
turnings at least 3 times to have uniform mix. Water shall then be added slowly and gradually with a
water can while being mixed to the required workability per bag of cement to give a plastic mix of the
required workability and the water cement ratio.
5. MACHINE MIXING-- Stone ballast sand and cement shall be put into the cement concrete mixer to
have the required proportions. For concrete 1:4:8 first 4 boxes of sand, then 8 boxes of stone ballast
and then one bag of cement shall be put into the C.C Mixer, the machine shall then be revolved to mix
materials dry and then water shall be added gradually to the required quantity. This should be a plastic
mix of uniform color. It requires 1.5 to 2.0 min rotation for thorough mixing. Output of concrete mixer
is 15 to 20 mix per hour.
6. SLUMP– Regular slump test should be carried out to control the addition of water and to maintain the
required consistency.
7. FORMWORK– Formwork centering and shuttering shall be provided as required, as per standard
specifications before laying concrete to keep the concrete in position. The inner surface of the
shuttering shall be oiled to prevent concrete sticking. Water should be sprinkled over the shuttering
before concrete is laid.
 UNIT-2 SPECIFICATION WRITING

8. LAYING-- Concrete shall be laid in layers not exceeding 6” and compacted by pinning with rods and
tamping with wooden planks or ramming until a dense concrete and level is obtained.
Concrete shall be laid continuously, if laying is suspended for rest then the end shall be sloped at an
angle of 30deg. And made rough for further joining. When work is resumed the ends are made rough
and watered and a grout of neat cement shall be applied and the fresh concrete shall be laid.
9. CURING– Concrete after completion shall be kept wet for a period of at least 7 days and no masonry
shall be constructed upon it during this period. The curing shall be done by spreading gunny bags or
sand or keeping wet by water can at regular intervals.
10. For weak concrete 1:3:6, 1:4:8, 1:5:10 etc. stack measurment and hand mixing in a pucca platform
may be allowed as in lime concrete. For foundation concrete or weak concrete brick ballast or cheap
type stone ballast of 40mm size may be used.
11. Approximate quantity of water required for cement may be taken 30% by weight of cement plus 5% by
weight of total aggregate. For concrete compacted by mechanical vibrators the quantity of water shall
be reduced by 20%.
 UNIT-2 SPECIFICATION WRITING

DETAILED SPECIFICATION FOR REINFORCED CONCRETE:

1. STEEL– Steel reinforcing bars shall be of mild steel or deformed steel of standard specifications and shall be
free from corrosion, loose rust scales, oil, grease, paint, etc. The steel shall be round and capable of being
bent without fracture. Bars shall be hooked and bent as per drawings and bound together with 20mm S.W.G
annealed steel wire at their points of intersections. Joints should be avoided as far as possible but when joints
have to be made an overlap of 40 times diameter of the bar shall be given with proper hooks at ends and joints
should be staggered. Bigger dia bars should be joined by welding and tested before placing in position. Pre
cast cover blocks of 1:2 cement mortar are to be placed at the sides and at the bottom of rods before casting.
2. CENTERING AND SHUTTERING– Centering and shuttering shall be made with timber or steel plate close and
tight to prevent leakage or mortar, with necessary props, bracings and wedges in such a way that they can be
stacked and removed gradually without disturbing the concrete. Oil or grease should be applied on the
shuttering to prevent concrete from sticking. For beams and slab, small camber should be given in centering,
1cm per 2.5cm. These should not be removed before 14 days minimum (4 days for columns, 10 days for roof
slabs and 14 days for beams). The centering should be removed carefully without damaging the cement.
3. PROPORTIONS OF CEMENT CONCRETE– 1:2:4 proportions by volume for slabs, beams, and lintels, and
1:1.5:3 proportions for columns unless otherwise specified.
4. MATERIALS FOR CONCRETE– Cement, sand and coarse aggregate shall be same as for P.C.C.
Aggregate shall be of invert materials and should be clean, dense, hard, sound, durable, nonabsorbent, and capable of
developing good bond with mortar.

Coarse aggregate shall be of hard broken stone of granite or similar stone, free from dust, dirt etc. The stone ballast
shall be of 20mm size and down and all should be retained in a 5mm mesh. For building work 20mm gauge and for road
work and mass work 40 to 60 mm gauge to be used.

Fine Aggregate shall be of course sand consisting of hard, sharp and angular grains and shall pass through screen of
5mm square mesh. Sand shall be of standard specification clean and free from dust, dirt, and organic matters. Sea sand
shall not be used. It may also be of crushed stone if specified.

Cement shall be fresh Portland cement of standard I.S.I specifications and shall have the same required tensile and
compressive stresses and fineness.

Water shall be clean and free from alkaline and acid matters and suitable for drinking purposes.
 UNIT-2 SPECIFICATION WRITING
DETAILED SPECIFICATION FOR REINFORCED CONCRETE:
5. HAND MIXING shall be done in masonry platform or sheet iron tray. For concrete of 1:2:4 proportion first two
boxes of sand and one bag of cement shall be mixed dry thoroughly and the whole mixed dry turnings at least
3 times to have uniform mix. Water shall then be added slowly and gradually with a water can while being
mixed to the required workability 25 to 30 liters per bag of cement to give a plastic mix of the required
workability and the water cement ratio.
6. MACHINE MIXING-- Stone ballast sand and cement shall be put into the cement concrete mixer to have the
required proportions. For concrete 1:2:4 first 4 boxes of stone ballast, then 2 boxes of sand and then one bag
of cement shall be put into the C.C Mixer, the machine shall then be revolved to mix materials dry and then
water shall be added gradually to the required quantity 25 to 30 liters per bag. This should be a plastic mix of
uniform color. It requires 1 to 1.5 min rotation for through mixing. Output of concrete mixer is 15 to 20 mix per
hour.

7. LAYING– Before laying the concrete the shuttering shall be clean and free from dust, dirt and other foreign
matters. In case of columns and walls it is desirable to place the concrete in full height if practical so as to
avoid construction joints but this is restricted to 1 meter per hour. Time between mixing and laying should not
exceed 20 min so that the initial setting process is not disturbed. During winters concreting shall not be done if
the temperature falls below 4deg and if frost is formed then the affected concrete should be removed and
work redone. Concrete shall be compacted with mechanical vibrating machine until a dense concrete is
obtained. The vibration should be done throughout the process of laying the concrete. Compaction should be
done within 30min to addition of water to cement. Over vibration will separate concrete from coarse aggregate
and should be avoided. Concrete shall be laid continuously, if laying is suspended for rest then the end shall be
sloped at an angle of 30deg. And made rough for further joining. When work is resumed the ends are made
rough and watered and a grout of neat cement shall be applied and the fresh concrete shall be laid. Structures
exceeding 45 meters height shall be divided by one or more expansion joints. Structures in which plan
dimensions changes abruptly shall be provided with expansion joints at the section where such changes occur.
8. CURING– After about 2 hrs laying when concrete has begun to harden, it shall be kept damp by covering with
wet gunny bags or wet sand for 24 hrs. the surface should be kept damp for next 15 days.
9. MEASURMENT: The measurement shall be taken in Cu.m for the finished work and no deduction shall be made
for the volume of steel. Steel reinforcement shall be measured under a separate item in quintal. Plastering, if
any, shall not be included in the measurement. The rate for R.C.C work shall be for the complete work
excluding steel but including centering and shuttering and all tools and plants.
 UNIT-2 SPECIFICATION WRITING
DETAILED SPECIFICATION FOR FIRST & SECOND CLASS
BRICKWORK:

BRICKS:
1. All brick-work should be of First-Class of standard specifications made of good brick
earth thoroughly burnt, and shall be of deep cherry red or copper colour.
2. Bricks shall be regular in shape and their edges should be sharp, clean and emit clear
ringing sound when struck.
3. Should be free from cracks, chips, flaws and lumps of any kind.
4. Should not absorb water more than 6% of their weight after 1 hour of soaking in water.
5. Minimum crushing strength of 105kg per sq. inch

MORTAR:
1. Mortar shall be specified and materials of mortar shall be of standard proportions.
2. Cement shall be fresh Portland cement.
3. Sand shall be sharp, clean and free from organic and foreign matters.
4. Proportion of sand and cement shall be 1:3 or 1:6 as specified.
5. Other materials for mortar shall be measured to have required proportions using measuring
box and then mixed with water to attain working consistency mixed thoroughly at least 3
times.
6. Fresh mixed mortar shall be used, old stale mortar shall not be used.

LIME SURKHI(SAND OR CINDER) MORTAR:

1. If specified shall be mixed in the specified proportion..
2. Lime shall be fresh and slaked and screened at site of work.
3. Fresh mixed mortar shall be used.

SOAKING OF BRICK:
1. Bricks shall be fully soaked in clean water by submerging in a tank for a period of 12 hours
immediately before use. Soaking shall be continued till air bubbling is ceased.
 UNIT-2 SPECIFICATION WRITING
DETAILED SPECIFICATION FOR FIRST & SECOND CLASS
BRICKWORK:

LAYING:
1. Bricks shall be well bonded and layed in English bond unless otherwise specified.
2. Every course shall be truly horizontal and wall shall be truly in plumb.
3. Vertical joints should not come over one another.
4. No damaged or broken bricks are to be used.
5. Selected best shaped bricks are to be used for face work.
6. Mortar joints shall not exceed 6” in thickness and joints shall be fully finished with mortar.
7. Bricks shall be layed with frogs upwards except in the top course where frogs shall be
placed downwards.

CURING:
1. Brickwork should be kept wet for a period of at least 10 days after laying.

PROTECTION:
1. The brick-work shall be protected from effects of Sun, rain, frost etc. during the
constructions and up till such time it may get damaged.

SCAFFOLDING:
1. Necessary and suitable scaffolding shall be provided to facilitate the construction of brick
wall. Scaffolding shall be sound and strong enough to take all the loads to come upon them.

MEASURMENT:
1. BRICKWORK to be measured in Cu.m. The rate shall be for complete work from scaffolding and
all tools and plants.

Plain arch, rough arch or axed or gauged arch may also be layed based on the arch specified.
 UNIT-2 SPECIFICATION WRITING
DETAILED SPECIFICATION FOR FIRST & SECOND CLASS
BRICKWORK:

1. For 2nd Class brick-Work bricks shall be of second class and mortar shall be as specified,
maybe kankar lime or white lime and surkhi of 1:2 or 1:3 proportion.
2. Mortar joints shall not exceed 10mm in thickness.
3. Bricks are to be soaked in water for at least 3 hours immediately before use.

LAYING:
1. Bricks shall be well bonded and layed in English bond unless otherwise specified.
2. Every course shall be truly horizontal and wall shall be truly in plumb.
3. Vertical joints should not come over one another.
4. No damaged or broken bricks are to be used.
5. Selected best shaped bricks are to be used for face work.
6. Mortar joints shall not exceed 6” in thickness and joints shall be fully finished with mortar.
7. Bricks shall be layed with frogs upwards except in the top course where frogs shall be
placed downwards.

CURING:
1. Brickwork should be kept wet for a period of at least 10 days after laying.

PROTECTION:
1. The brick-work shall be protected from effects of Sun, rain, frost etc. during the
constructions and up till such time it may get damaged.

SCAFFOLDING:
1. Necessary and suitable scaffolding shall be provided to facilitate the construction of brick
wall. Scaffolding shall be sound and strong enough to take all the loads to come upon them.

MEASURMENT:
1. BRICKWORK to be measured in Cu.m. The rate shall be for complete work from scaffolding and
all tools and plants.
 UNIT-2 SPECIFICATION WRITING
DETAILED SPECIFICATION FOR DAMP PROOF COURSE:
1. MATERIALS:
Damp proof course shall consist of cement, course sand and sand stone aggregate of 1:1.5:3 proportion with
2% of impermo or cem-seal or Acco proof by weight of cement or other standard water proofing compound
(1kg per bag of cement)
The DPC shall be applied at Plinth Level in a horizontal layer of 2.5cm thickness. The cement shall be fresh
portland cement. The sand shall be clean, course of 5mm size and down, and stone aggregate shall be har and
tough of 20mm size well graded and free from dust and dirt.

2. MIXING:
Mixing shall be done in a masonry platform or in a sheet iron tray in the proportion of 1:1.5:3 by measuring
with boxes. The cement is mixed with water proofing compound and the mixed dry with the sand in 1:1.5
proportion. The mix of cement and sand shall then be mixed dry with stone aggregate to proportion of 1:1.5:3.
Clean water shall be added slowly and gradually while being mixed, to the required quantity to give a plastic
mix of the required workable consistency. The mixing shall be done by turning at least 3 times to give a
uniform concrete.

3. LAYING:
The level of the surface of the plinth shall be checked longitudinally and transversely. The top of walls at damp
proof course should be laid with frogs of the bricks downwards. Side forms or shuttering of strong wooden
batten of 2.5cm thickness shall be fixed properly and firmly on both sides to continue the concrete so that the
shuttering does not get disturbed. The inner edges to be oiled so that concrete does not adhere to it. The
surface shall be cleaned and the masonry shall be wetted before concrete is laid. The concrete shall be laid
within half an hour of mixing. Within 2 hours of laying the surface shall be made rough and chequered so as to
form a key with the wall above. The DPC shall be laid in continuation in one day with avoiding joints.
Shuttering shall be removed after 3 days. On removal of the shuttering the edges hall become smooth without
any honey combing.
4. CURING:
The damp proof course shall be cured by watering and kept wet for 7 days and the construction of wall above
may be started. The surface shall be cleaned and wetted before masonry is started.
5. PAINTING WITH ASPHALT:
Two coats of asphalt painting may be applied on the upper surface of damp proof course, if specified. The
first course of asphalt at 1.5kg per sq m shall be applied uniformly on the surface when it is dry and the
 UNIT-2 SPECIFICATION WRITING
DETAILED SPECIFICATION FOR WOOD WORK FOR DOOR &
1. All wood
WINDOWS:
work of which the scantling exceeds 20 sq. m section and which is not specially moulded or carved
comes under carpenter’s work. This includes all timber work in chaukhats of doors and windows in roof works
as beams, struts, ties, rafters purlins in timber bridges etc.
2. Timber shall be specified may be as teak, shesham, deodar, sal etc. the timber shall be of the best quality well
seasoned and free from saps, knots, wraps, cracks and other defects. The scantling shall be sawn in the
direction of the grains. All wood work shall be planed and neatly and truly finished to the exact dimension. All
joints shall be neat and strong, truly and accurately fitted and coated with white lead before being fitted
together.
3. All portions of timber built into or in contact of masonry or concrete shall be given two coats of solignum or tar
or other approved preservative. Exposed surfaces of timber shall be painted with two coats of approved paint
over a coat of priming.
4. Measurement of wood work shall be taken in Cu M for the finished work fixed in position including sawing,
planning, joining, nails, screws, etc. Painting of wood work shall be measured under separate items.
5. CHAUKHATS– The chaukhat shall be properly framed and joined by mortise and tenon joint with harden
wooden pins and the joints shall be coated with white lead before being fitted together. The chaukhats shall be
of section as per drawing may be 7.5x10cm, 10x10cm, 8x12cm or similar section. For double leaves the
chaukhat shall be 8x12cm section. Concealed faces of chaukhats shall be painted with two coats of coaltar or
solignum and the other with prime coat before fixing in position.
6. SHUTTERS OR LEAVES– The shutters shall be paneled, glazed, part paneled and part glazed battened or
venetian as specified. The thickness of shutters shall be 3cm to 5cm as specified. The styles, rails, and panels,
shall be framed properly and accurately with mortise and tenon joint and fixed with wooden pins. Panels shall
be of one piece without any joints and shall be fixed with 12 mm insertions into the rails and styles provided
with moldings as per design.
7. The thickness of panels shall be 12mm or 25 mm thick. For glazed windows sash bars shall not be less than
40mm x 40mm and glasses shall be fixed with nails and putty or with wooden beadings over felt as specified.
All joints shall be glued before being fitted.
8. All doors shall be provided with handles on both sides and all windows with handles on inner sides. Necessary
hinges, tower bolts, hook bolts, stops for keeping the leaves open shall be provided. These maybe of iron or
brass.
9. The surface shall be painted with 2 coats of approved paints over a coat of priming.
 UNIT-2 SPECIFICATION WRITING

DETAILED SPECIFICATION FOR CEMENT PLASTERING:

1. The surface of the wall shall be kept wet for 2 days before plastering.
2. The materials of mortar, cement, and sand etc should be of standard specification.
3. The materials should be dry mixed first to required proportions and then the water should be added.
4. The thickness of plastering should be specified 12mm applied in 2 or 3 coats.
5. External plastering shall start from top and continued down. Ceiling plastering shall be done before starting of
wall plaster.
6. The surface should be kept wet for 10days and should be protected from rain, frost etc.
7. Plastering should be applied in 3 coats—the rendering or first coat of 10mm, the floating or second coat of
10mm to 6mm and finishing coat of 5 to 6mm.
8. The first coat should be kept wet for at least 2 days before second coat is applied. The second coat shall be
kept wet for 2 days before third coat.
9. The work shall be tested frequently with straight edge or plumb bob.

DETAILED SPECIFICATION FOR PAINTING:

1. The brand of the paint should be specified and ready-made paint of the required color should be used. If
thinning is required, pure turpentine may be added to the required extent.
2. The surface shall be made perfectly smooth by rubbing with sand paper.
3. All holes and open joints shall be filled with strong putty or with a mixture of glue and POP and smoothened by
rubbing with sand paper.
4. The number of coats shall be specified. One priming coat and then 2 coats of paint shall be applied. The paint
shall be applied with brushes evenly and smoothly and shall be perfectly dry before next coat is applied.
5. The paint should be stirred in the container immediately before the use.
6. Brushes should be washed with turpentine and kept dry at the end of day’s work.
7. If old paint is to be removed it should be washed with soda water or caustic soda or blowing with blow lamp
and scrapping or by using any other remover.
8. If painting on iron or steel work it should be free of rust scales, dirt etc.
9. All steel work to be painted with red lead paint before erecting.
 UNIT-2 SPECIFICATION WRITING

DETAILED SPECIFICATION FOR WEATHERING COURSE:

A weathering course of brick jelly concrete is to be laid over R.C. Slab, when there is a storey over it, to
protect the slab against alternative shrinkage and expansion, after 15 days of laying of the slab. A layer of 100
mm thick brick concrete (0.96 m3 broken brick of 20 mm gauge and 0.375 m3 slaked lime for every 1 m3 of
weathering course) shall be laid over the slab and well beaten to 75 mm thickness with wooden hand beaters.

DETAILED SPECIFICATION FOR PAINTING:

1. The brand of the paint should be specified and ready-made paint of the required color should be used. If
thinning is required, pure turpentine may be added to the required extent.
2. The surface shall be made perfectly smooth by rubbing with sand paper.
3. All holes and open joints shall be filled with strong putty or with a mixture of glue and POP and smoothened by
rubbing with sand paper.
4. The number of coats shall be specified. One priming coat and then 2 coats of paint shall be applied. The paint
shall be applied with brushes evenly and smoothly and shall be perfectly dry before next coat is applied.
5. The paint should be stirred in the container immediately before the use.
6. Brushes should be washed with turpentine and kept dry at the end of day’s work.
7. If old paint is to be removed it should be washed with soda water or caustic soda or blowing with blow lamp
and scrapping or by using any other remover.
8. If painting on iron or steel work it should be free of rust scales, dirt etc.
9. All steel work to be painted with red lead paint before erecting.
 UNIT-3 ESTIMATION
Purpose of ESTIMATE:
An Estimate is the anticipated or probable cost of a work and is usually prepared before the construction is taken
up. Before undertaking any work or project it is necessary to know its probable cost which is obtained or derived
by Estimating. The Estimate is prepared by computing or calculating the cost at suitable rates to get the
expenditure likely to be incurred in the construction of the work or Structure.

TYPES OF ESTIMATES

The following are the different types of Estimates:

1.Preliminary Estimate or Approximate or Abstract Estimate or Rough Cost Estimate.
2.Plinth Area Estimate.
3.Cube rate Estimate or Cubical Content Estimate.
4.Approximate Quantity Method Estimate.
5.Detailed Estimate or Item Rate Estimate.
6.Revised Estimate.
7.Supplementary Estimate.
8.Supplementary and Revised Estimate.
9.Annual repair or maintenance Estimate.
 UNIT-3 ESTIMATION
APPROXIMATE ESTIMATE OF BUILDINGS:
It is required for preliminary studies of various aspects of a work or project, to decide the financial position and
policy for administrative sanction by the competent administrative authority. In case of commercial projects as
irrigation projects, Residential buildings projects and similar projects which earn revenue income, the probable
income may be worked out and from the preliminary estimate the approximate cast may be known and then it may
be seen whether the investment is justified or not. It is prepared by practical knowledge and cost of similar works.
The approximate cost of all the involved items such as cost of land, cost of each building, cost of roads, water
supply , sanitary works, electrification etc. a percentage of 5% to 10% is added as Contingencies.

The Approximate Estimate may be prepared by various ways for different structures and works—

BUILDINGS
i.Per Unit basis:-- Per class room for schools, per bed for hospitals, per seat for cinema and theatre halls, per
bay for factories, barracks and dormitories, per tenement for residential buildings.
Approximate cost of a hostel buildings for 100 students @ INR 10,000/- per student works out as INR
10 lacs. Approximate cost of a 100 bed hospital @INR 50,000/- per bed comes to INR 50 Lacs.
ii.Plinth area basis.
iii.Cubic Content basis
iv.Approximate quantity method.
 UNIT-3 ESTIMATION

 Bill of quantities (BOQ) is a statement of the various items of work giving the description, quantities, and unit
of rates. It is prepared in a tabular form similar to the ‘Abstract of Estimated Cost’ of the detailed estimate, but the rate
and the amount are left blank. It is primarily meant for inviting tender and supplied to the contractor to fill up the rates
and amounts.
It is a document used in tendering in the construction industry in which materials, parts, and labor (and their costs) are
itemized. It also (ideally) details the terms and conditions of the construction or repair contract and itemizes all work to
enable a contractor to price the work for which he or she is bidding.
The bill of quantities (sometimes referred to as 'BoQ') is a document prepared by the cost consultant (often a quantity
surveyor) that provides project specific measured quantities of the items of work identified by
the drawings and specifications in the tender documentation. The quantities may be measured in number, length, area,
volume, weight or time. Preparing a bill of quantities requires that the design is complete and a specification has been
prepared.
The bill of quantities is issued to tenderers for them to prepare a price for carrying out the works. The bill of
quantities assists tenderers in the calculation of construction costs for their tender, and, as it means
all tendering contractors will be pricing the same quantities (rather than taking-off quantities from
the drawings and specifications themselves), it also provides a fair and accurate system for tendering.
The contractor tenders against the bill of quantities, stating their price for each item.
 UNIT-3 ESTIMATION

  This priced bill of quantities constitutes the tenderer's

offer. As the offer is built up of prescribed items, it is
possible to compare both the overall price and
individual items directly with other tenderers’ offers,
allowing a detailed assessment of which aspects of
a tender may offer good or poor value. This
information can assist with tender negotiations.
The priced bill of quantities will also:
1.Assist with the agreement of the contract sum with
the successful tenderer.
2.Provide a schedule of rates assisting with the
valuation of variations.  CONTINGENCIES:
It indicates Incidental expenses of miscellaneous character which
3.Provide a basis for the valuation of interim cannot be classified under any distinct item sub-head, yet pertain
payments. to the work as a whole. In an estimate a certain amount in the
form of contingencies of 3% to 5% of estimated cost is provided
4.Provide a basis for the preparation of the final to allow for the expenses for miscellaneous petty items which do
account. not fall under any sub-head of items of work. Miscellaneous
incidental expenses which cannot be classified under any sub-
head or item are met from the amount provided under
contingencies.
REQUIREMENT FOR PREPARING AN ESTIMATE: UNIT-3 ESTIMATION
To make out an Estimate for a work the following data are necessary--
1.DRAWINGS (Plans, Sections, etc.),
2.SPECIFICATIONS,
3.RATES.

•DRAWINGS – Plan, Sectional elevations, and detailed drawings to scale, fully dimensioned are required.
The plan, elevation and sectional elevations are usually drawn to a scale of 1cm = 1 m and detailed drawings
are prepared to scales of 1 cm = 10 cm.
•SPECIFICATIONS –
1.General Specification : These gives the nature, quality and class, work and materials in general terms, to
be used in the various parts of the work. General specifications help to form a general idea of the whole
building or structure and are useful in preparing the detailed estimate.
2.Detailed Estimate : These give the detailed description of the various items of work laying down the
quantities and qualities of materials, their proportions, the method of preparation, workmanship, and
execution of work separately, in detail and are helpful for the execution of work.
•RATES – The rates per unit of various items of work, the rates of various materials to be used and wages of
workers to be used to prepare estimates, the location of the work and its distance from the source of material
and cost of transportation should be known. These rates may be obtained from P.W.D Schedule of rate book
or the rates may be worked out by “Analysis of rates” method.
PRINCIPLES OF MEASURMENT AND BILLING: UNIT-3 ESTIMATION
1. Measurement shall be item-wise for the finished item of work and the description of each item shall be held to
include materials, transport, labor, fabrication, hoisting, tools and plants, overheads and other incidental
charges for finishing the work for the required shape, size, design and specifications. The nomenclature of
each item shall be fully described so that work involved is self explanatory.
2. In booking dimensions the order shall be in the sequence of length, breadth, and height or depth or thickness.
3. All work shall be measured net subject to following tolerances unless otherwise stated –
1. Dimensions shall be measured to the nearest 0.01 meter.
2. Areas shall be measured to the nearest 0.01 sq.m
3. Cubic contents shall be worked up to nearest 0.01cu.m
4. Same type of work under different conditions and nature shall be measured separately under separate items.
5. The bill of quantities shall fully describe the materials, proportions and workmanships and accurately
represent the work to be executed. Work which by its nature cannot be accurately taken off or which requires
site measurements shall be described as Provisional.
6. In case of structural concrete, brickwork or stone masonry the work under the following category shall be
measured separately and heights shall be described -- (a) From foundation to plinth; (b) From plinth to first
floor; (c) From first floor to second floor, and so on.
ELEMENTARY BILLING & MEASURMENT: UNIT-3 ESTIMATION
BRICKWORK:
The description of the bricks and of the materials of mortar with proportion shall be stated. Different kinds and
classes of brickwork shall be taken under separate items. The brickwork of foundation and plinth of first floor,
second floor etc. shall be measured under separate items. Scaffolding works are not measured but included in the
item of brickwork. Brickworks shall be taken in cu.m and measurements of length and height shall be taken to
compute the quantity.
Thickness of walls: Brick walls up to and including three bricks in thickness shall be measures in multiples
of half brick, which shall be deemed to be inclusive of the mortar joint. The following shall be taken as brick
measurement :
 UNIT-3 ESTIMATION
DEDUCTIONS
No deduction or addition shall be made for the following:--
1.Opening up to to 0.1 sq.m in section.
2.Ends of joints, beams, lintels, posts, rafters, purlins, corbels, steps etc.
3.Wall plates and bed plated, bearing does not extend over full width of wall.
Fire place, chimneys etc.
Brickwork shall be measured as solid in cu m if smoke or airflues do not exceed 025 sq.m in sectional areas, no
deduction shall be made for flues and in sectional area deduction shall be made for the core opening and pargetting
and coring of flues taken separately in running meter stating the size of the flue.

Pillars
The pillars shall be measured in cu m for their net volume and fully described.
ARCHES & VAULTS:
Brickwork in arches and vaulting shall be measured in cu m separately and shall include centering for spans op to 6
meter. For spans exceeding 6 meters centering hall be measured separately in sq.m as the actual area of the soffit to
be supported.
WALL STEINING
Brickwork in well steining shall be measured in cu m separately stating the mean radius and the total depth of
steining. Steel tie rods and flats shall be measured separately in quintal.
SINKING:
Sinking of well steining shall be measured in running meter separately in staged of 3m and shall include all
tackles, loading platform loads, dredging or excavation etc. The rate of sinking for every 3m is different.

WELL CURB: R.C.C or Timber shall be taken under separate items in cu m and shall be fully described. Steel in
R.C.C or in well curn shall be taken separately in quintal.
 UNIT-3 ESTIMATION
HONEYCOMB BRICK WORK:
Honeycomb brickwork shall be taken in sq.m stating the thickness of well and the pattern of honey-combing.
Honeycomb holes or opening shall not be deducted.
PARTITION WALL:
Half brick wall or brick-on-edge shall be taken in sq.m stating the thickness and shall be fully described including
mortar and its proportions. Reinforcement as hoop irons, wire netting or barsif provided shall be included in the
items and fully described, stating type width, gauge or thickness or diamater and spacing.

REINFORCED BRICKWORK:
Reinforce brickwork shall be taken in cu m under separate item the steel reinforcement shall be measured
separately in quintal.

BRICK EDGING:
Brick edging by the sides of roads, paths, and the likes shall be described and ,measured in running meter.

MOULDING & CORNICES:

String courses, corbel, drip course, cornices etc. shall be fully described and measured in running meter.

TOOTHING AND BONDING:

Toothing and bonding for new and existing walls shall be taken under a separate item in sq.m ,measured on the
vertical face.

BRICKWORK around steel joists:

Extra labor in cutting and fitting brickwork around
steel joists, stanchions, girders, etc. shall be measured in sq.m the girth of joists, girders, etc. being measured.
 UNIT-3 ESTIMATION

WOOD
CARPENTER’S WORK:
Generally all the wood work of which the scantling exceeds 20 sq.m in section and which is not specially molded
or carved comes under carpenter's work. This includes all timber work in doors and windows, struts, ties, rafters,
purlins, in timber bridge in verandah posts, in centering and shuttering, in shoring etc.

JOINERY:
Woodwork which is prepared, turned, molded, carved comes under joinery. Joiner’s work requires finishing and
putting together at the bench and includes door and window shutters, framed partitions, furniture etc.

CLASSIFICATION OF TIMBER:
1.BATTEN: Battens are pieces of sawn timber whose dimensions do not exceed 5 cm either in breadth or in
thickness
2.SCANTLINGS: Scantlings are pieces of sawn timber whose cross-sectional dimensions exceeds 5 cm in
both directions and do not exceed 20 cm in both direction.
3.BAULKS: Baulks are pieces of sawn timber whose cross-sectional dimensions exceeds 5 cm in one
direction and 20cm in other direction.
4.PLANKS: Planks are pieces of sawn timber whose thickness does not exceed 5cm and at the same time
width exceeds twice the thickness.
 UNIT-3 ESTIMATION
CONCRETE

1. For concrete kind, size, grading and proportion of materials, method of mixing, cutting, etc. shall be
described. Different kinds of concrete work as Lime concrete, Cement concrete, R.C.C etc. of different
proportions, different materials shall be taken under separate items. Concrete foundation, roof, wall, mass
concrete, etc. shall be classified and measured under separate items.
2. Concrete shall be taken in cu m and measurements of length, breadth and height or thickness shall be taken to
the nearest 1 cm except that the thickness of slabs, partitions, post , beams etc shall be measured to the nearest
0.5 cm.
3. Formwork, centering and shuttering shall be taken under separate item in sq.m unless otherwise provided.
Formwork shall be measured as the actual surface in contact with the concrete. For slabs vertical sides shall
not be measured.
4. Fair finish to the exposed surface of concrete shall be kept separate from unreinforced concrete. R.C.C work
shall be taken in cu m sxcluding steel and the steel reinforcement shall be measured under a separate item.
5. Binding wire is not measured separately.
6. Precast C.C reinforced or plain shall be taken separately in cu m and shall be described as including all
moulds, finished faces, hoisting and setting in position. Reinforcement if any shall be described and included
in the item or measured separate if specified.
7. Expansion Joints: Expansion joints in roofs, floors, walls, road, etc. shall be measured in running meter, the
depth and width of joint and measurement used for filling shall be described.
 UNIT-3 ESTIMATION

UNIT OF MEASURMENT FOR VARIOUS ITEMS OF WORK:

The units of different works depend on their nature, size and shape. In general the units of different items of work
are based on the following Principles:
1. Mass, voluminous and thick works shall be taken in cubic unit or volume. The measurement of length, breadth
and height or depth shall be taken to compute the volume or cubic contents.
2. Shallow, thin and surface work shall be taken in square units or in area. The measurement of length and
breadth or height shall be taken to compute the area.
3. Long and thin work shall be taken in linear or running unit, and linear measurement shall be taken (running
meter)
4. Piece work, job work, etc. shall be enumerated, i.e taken in number.
 UNIT-5 COST ESTIMATING & COST BUDGETING
FUNCTIONS OF COST PLANNER:
1.He must have Good Knowledge of Mensuration and Simple Trigonometry.
2.He must have thorough knowledge of construction methods and procedures. Materials of construction, labor
problems, specifications and local customs.
3.He must possess ability to read and interpret drawings accurately and efficiently.
4.He must possess accuracy in calculations and costs because it is his responsibility to price the unit items in the
detailed estimate and to prepare the tender of the project.
5.He must possess excellent personal qualities such as common sense, skill, experience, initiative, foresight, good
judgment and patience.

VALUATION:
The process of determining how much an asset, company, or anything else is worth. Valuation is highly subjective.

DEPRECIATION:
The term Depreciation is derived from the Latin word Depritiatum meaning the fall in value or becoming less in
Worth. This is well known to all accountants, businessmen, engineers, economists etc.
It means getting Consumed, decayed, damaged, obliterated or Worn out. It represents a loss caused by decay, wear
and tear, action of element of nature, insufficiency, or inadequacy, obsolescence, changes in art and fashion, changes
in demands etc.