PRAGATI MAIDAN

SITE STUDY
AIM:
To design a Bharath Bhawan and to do its
Environmental impact assessment at Pragati maidan
New Delhi
OBJECTIVE:
•To study about Indian culture and its roots
•To study the site and context as whole and to propose
a Bharath Bhawan
•To formulate and analyse through case studies and
other literature reviews about the spaces to be
incorporated
•To understand and study about EIA in a project and
how it is implemented.

INTRODUCTION (Macro Study)

Delhi is the capital of India. The state is spread over an
area of 1483 square kilometer. According to the Indian
geography the state is located at the center of the
Indian subcontinent, amidst the ranges of Himalaya and
the Aravalli.
LOCATION
Latitude- 23.38 degree north and
Longitude- 77.13 degree east.
The state stands at the northern part of India.
Haryana and Uttar Pradesh are the other states, which share their borders
with Delhi in the west and east respectively.
TOPOGRAPHY
The topography of Delhi can be divided into three different parts, the plains,
the Yamuna flood plain, and the ridge. As per the topography, Delhi is located
on the western fringes of the Gangetic Plains.

NATURAL ENVIRONMENT
Physical Features

•The city of Delhi lies in the fertile Northern Plains of India.

The main features of Delhi are
•The Aravalli hill ranges and
•The Yamuna river.
•The Aravalli hill ranges are covered with forest called the Ridges.
The Yamuna is the main source of drinking water for the citizens of Delhi.
There is a forest cover of nearly 11.5% of the total area in Delhi.
Delhi’s mineral sources are primarily sand and stone which are used for
construction activities.
SEASONS in Delhi

Delhi lies in the landlocked Northern Plains of the

Indian Subcontinent.
Its climate is greatly influenced by its proximity to
the Himalayas and the Thar Desert, causing it to
experience both weather extremes.
Delhi has 5 distinct seasons, viz.
1.Summer,
2.Rainy,
3.Autumn,
4.Winter and
5.Spring.
Delhi has long and scorching summers- sub-divided
into
•summer and monsoon seasons,
•short and cold winters,
•two bouts of pleasant transition seasons.
Two important occurrences influencing Delhi's
climate are Western Disturbance and South-West
Winds
SEASONAL DISTRIBUTION- DELHI

Cool Cold Temperature

Low Low Precipitation

Low Low Humidity

December January
Warm days Temperature Warm days Temperature
Cool nights Cool nights
Low Low Humidity Low Low Humidity
Very Low Precipitation February
October March
November Seasons in Delhi
Hot Temperature
Pleasant during rains
High Very high Humidity
April Hot Very hot Temperature
High High Precipitation
July
May Low Normal Humidity
August
June Low Good Precipitation
September
CLIMATE
Delhi has a COMPOSITE Climate, with hot summers, average rainfall
and moderate winters. Mean monthly temperatures range from
14.3° C in January to 34.5° C in June. However, the temperatures go
up to 40-45° C in summers and 4-5° C in winters. The annual
precipitation is about 711 mm
WIND DIRECTION
Wind directions vary with season.
•In the summers, the predominant wind directions are from the west
in the morning and either west or northwest in the evening.
•In the monsoons, the predominant wind directions are from the
southeast or west in the morning and from east (in July and August)
or north-west (in September) in the evenings.

EXTREME RECORDS
Temperature records for Delhi exist for a period of a little over 100
years. The lowest ever temperature reading during this period is
-2.2°C, recorded on January 11, 1967 at Met Delhi Palam. And, the
highest ever temperature reading during the same period is 48.4°C,
again recorded at Met Delhi Palam.
Wind Rose diagram Delhi
 F
GEOLOGICAL MAP-DELHI

Alluvial soil with Clay and silt with kankar- due to its
low carrying capacity(8-10KN/m2) nature Pile or
piers foundation can be used for construction.
Lower strata consists of Quartzites which is used as
locally available building material in central delhi.
WATER RESOURCES HYDROLOGY MAP
Delhi’s sources of water consist of
•surface and
•ground water
The presence of Yamuna makes the soil very fertile.
Yamuna provides major proportion of surface water
supply in Delhi, which constitutes nearly 86% of the
total water supply.
Other sources that provide water for city’s supply are
•Himalayan Rivers and
sub-surface resources such as
•Ranney wells or tube wells.
The other major sources of water include the
•Agra Canal,
•Hindon Canal and the
•Western Yamuna Canal.
In about 90% of the land in Delhi, fresh water is
available at depths varying from less than 2 m up to 70
m and the quality of water is also all right i.e. in
drinkable condition.
Only some 10 % of the area comprises the ridge and
some has saline and brackish waters
 LAND USE LAND COVER
• Built-up area of the city has expanded immensely.
• Urban structures cover around 42 percent of the land in
NCT of Delhi.
• the mid 1990s there had been rapid economic growth
which was driven by reinforcement of private segment
service sectors.
• This was the outcome of the economic reform policy of
1991.
• Service sector rise led to the increasing demand for land
for residential and infrastructural development.
• This also reduced contribution in agricultural sector
• This also attracted population from outside thus
increasing population pressure in the city.

009
2009 009
2017
009
Population in 2020-
18,345,784
As per the Aadhar Statistics
the Delhi population in
2019/2020 is 18,345,784
(18.35 Millions) as compared
to last census 2011 is
16,787,941. Growth rate of
9.28 percent of population
increased from year 2011 in
Delhi. till 2018.
Delhi Population in Crores is
1.83 Crores
 • To compound the challenges of rapid urban
expansion and associated environmental
risks, Delhi— like many Indian cities—faces
several climate-related challenges and
opportunities

• With rapid population growth, the city is getting highly urbanized and
becoming prone to floods, heat and cold waves, earthquakes, fires,
epidemics, and terrorist attacks.
• The city vulnerability is increasing due to urban stresses such as rapid Observed and projected temperatures for Delhi
urbanization, environment degradation, and infrastructure pressure, are expected to increase by 2 to 4 °C, likely to
housing shortage, and slums and squatters settlements . result in an average surface warming of 3.5 to 5°C
within this century
Average mean rainfall is projected to increase by 7 to 20 % due
to the increase in mean temperature and its impact on the
Indian monsoon cycles within the latter half of this century

ANALYSIS
Extreme minimum and maximum temperature events In Delhi
The macro climate of Delhi also affects the micro climate
December of 2006, lowest temperature since 1935 -0.2°C
of the site- so while designing the building extreme
The following summer in June 2007, Delhi had a maximum
climatic factors to be incorporated, like
temperature of 44.9°C, the challenge facing Delhi is variability
Summer- Reduce heat gain, provide small openings use
in weather patterns and the potential for exacerbated extreme
thermal mass wall(Since diurinal temperature is   12.3
events due to climate change
°C) with cold nights (heat to be let in during nights)
Ambient AQ monitoring location
near to the prakati maidan site is
Pahar Ganj
Pollutants namely
Particulate matter (PM) 10,
Particulate matter PM2.5,
Ozone (O3),
Sulphur dioxide (SO2),
nitrogen dioxide (NO2),
carbon monoxide (CO),
lead (Pb) and
ammonia (NH3)
act as major parameters in
deriving the AQI of an area
Different levels of AQI symbolizes different things like on prolonged exposure to ‘poor’ AQI, individuals might witness
breathing problem

PM10 gets filtered at the top of your respiratory system that is

nose.
PM2.5 is the hazardous of the lot.
70-80 per cent of the health issues are caused by PM2.5 only as
it crosses body’s natural barriers, and enter the lungs.
Ozone is the second most dangerous parameter as it aggravate
lung diseases such as asthma, emphysema, and chronic
bronchitis
HAZARDS IN DELHI EARTHQUAKE
Seismic zones in India
Hazards and Vulnerability Profile of Delhi
Delhi’s physical infrastructure, social services, and slum populations make the city highly vulnerable. Demand for basic
infrastructure services like water, electricity, and public transport far exceeds supply (Delhi Development Authority, 2005).
To add to the existing conditions, climate change- induced variability in rains and temperatures could worsen the severe
shortage of drinking water in summers and aggravate the floods in the monsoon season, thus making the existing energy
shortage more challenging to address
DRAINAGE IN DELHI

•lack of integrated planning in the drainage for storm water

•Untreated sewage continues to flow in most of the drains in the region
and ultimately falls into the river Yamuna
•Encroachment by slum dwellers along the drains causes choking of drains
and flooding in the upstream areas due to reduced carrying capacity.
•Dumping of solid waste in the drains also continues causing blockage
•The collection and treatment of solid waste is a major problem of the city.
•The city produces 8,000 tons of solid waste every day but only three
dumping sites out of 23 are functioning, making the city vulnerable to
health-related hazards.
•The city also faces the problem of flooding caused by an inefficient
drainage and sewerage system
FLOODS IN DELHI
•floods caused by unpredictable rainfall patterns
•floods in the rivers Yamuna and Sahibi
•Since 1900, Delhi has experienced nine major floods in the
years
1924, 1947, 1976, 1978, 1988, 1995, 1998, 2010 and 2013
Extreme Flood in Delhi
1978 witnessed the worst ever flood in Delhi when water level in
Yamuna River in Delhi reached at 207.49 m with discharge 2.53 lac
cusec at old railway bridge
Flood plain boundary over years-Site falls In
flood plain region of Yamuna River basin
ANALYSIS
•Since the region is in Flood plain going for
basement construction is not good for the site.
•For Composite climate Earth bearming is good
but due to the site context and location at flood
plain structure going below ground level is not
good.
CLIMATE ANALYSIS

Highest temperature is
recorded during the months of
April, May and June
Annually also ranges with high
temperature above 40 degrees
ANALYSIS
•Hot summer with harsh sun
radiation-
•Provide small openings
•Compact Inward planning
•Sky lights, lattice screens to let
in diffused light and to obstruct
harsh direct sun light
•Reduce heat gain during day
•Use low U value material
Diurnal variation of 12.3 degrees
Needs heat into the building during night- use thermal mass walls, or materials with high time lag
• Throughout the year except July August and September the radiation level ranges between 790-830 W/m.sq/hr
• July-Sept is monsoon where the sky cover is obstructed so direct UV radiations are blocked.
• Solar Panels can be provided to trap solar radiation to function off grid
• Day light hour is max during April and minimum during august.
• Since most of the month except monsoon months daylit hours are high so solar energy installations shall be promoted
• Proper shading is to be designed.
• Use skylights, lattice screens small openings to let in diffused light free from harsh radiation.
• Sky cover is high during monsoon months due to presence of clouds in the sky
• Reduce solar radiation and Day light
• Proper shading to obstruct monsoon rain driven with winds.
• Wind speed ranges between 2-5 m/sec
• Summer months of April-June have max wind- dusty hot winds along with high sun radiation s undesirable for the context
• Lattice screens to obstruct wind and provide passive strategy to bring in channelled screened hot winds into cooler wind
Like installing Evaporative cooling systems or cool towers etc
• At depth of 4 m below ground have a comfortable temperature range of 23-27 degrees
• Earth bearming can be done to keep a constant temperature for spaces or construct spaces by digging below 4 mtrs
• Comfortable humidity range 60-55 % throughout the year except summer months
• Summer followed by very low humidity range- humidifying the spaces gives more comfortability during harsh
summer.
• Movable shading devices to be designed where months of Dec and Jan needs the winter sun for 627 hours
• If shading is provided throughout the year Shading must be in such a way that it allows winter sun with lower angle in and
obstruct direct summer sun with higher angle
 As per the psychrometric chart analysis to attain
comfort levels
•Of 36.6 % comfort-3207 hours (4.5 months)
Cooling is to be done
•Of 22.1 % comfort- 1934 hours (2.5 months )
shading for window is to be provided for months
of April, May and half of June(operable shades)
•Of 19.2% comfort- 1682 hours (2.3
months)Internal heat gain is to be done for
winter(Jan and Dec)

• Passive solar heat gain with high thermal mass is also recommended for 1117 hours in order
to get rid from morning harsh sun and let in heat during night.
Wind rose diagram shows Wind directions vary with season
PRAGATI MAIDAN- SITE- MICRO LEVEL STUDY
 AIR QUALITY-MICRO LEVEL STUDY

Pollutants
governing Air
quality of
environment at
the Pahar Ganj
station (near to
Pragati Maidan)

As per the AQ station values the region posses

CO- Carbon monoxide at highest range which is very very hazardous
RSPM and SPM concentration above 200 which is Very unhealthy
And NOx and SO2 within the good range.

As per the Pollution Control board- AQI from 0-100 is allowable and from 101-
500 is Unhealthy for sensitive groups to Hazardous
NOISE POLLUTION

Day time standard for commercial area 65 dB

Night time standard for commercial area 55 dB

According to standards set by the Bureau of Indian Standards, 125 is the

maximum decibel limit for horns used in commercial vehicles, while 105 is
the maximum for two wheelers.- but studies show that during the peak hours
8-10 and 4-6 pragadi Maidan ITO junction Delhi have 240 dB range of noise
level
We can detect sound at 10 decibels, hear a conversation at 60 decibels and
are able sustain the thudding noise inside a night club at 110 decibels.
Sound becomes painful as it reaches 120 decibels.
ANALYSIS
Noise pollution is high during peak hours which needs to be taken in
consideration while zoning and planning the building.