Muscle Tissue: Human Anatomy

PowerPoint® Lecture Slides
prepared by Leslie Hendon,

University of Alabama,
Birmingham
10
PART 1
HUMAN Muscle Tissue

ANATOMY
fifth edition
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc.,

MARIEB | MALLATT | WILHELM publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Muscle
 Muscle – a Latin word for “little mouse”

 Muscle is the primary tissue in the
 Heart (cardiac MT)
 Walls of hollow organs (Smooth MT)
 Skeletal muscle
 Makes up nearly half the body’s mass
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Overview of Muscle Tissue
 Functions of muscle tissue

 Movement
 Skeletal muscle - attached to skeleton
 Moves body by moving the bones
 Smooth muscle – squeezes fluids and other
substances through hollow organs

Overview of Muscle Tissue
 Functions of muscle tissue (continued)

 Maintenance of posture – enables the body to
remain sitting or standing
 Joint stabilization
 Heat generation
 Muscle contractions produce heat
 Helps maintain normal body temperature

Functional Features of Muscles
 Functional features
 Contractility
 Long cells shorten and generate pulling force
 Excitability
 Electrical nerve impulse stimulates the muscle cell
to contract

Functional Feature of Muscles
 Functional features
 Extensibility
 Can be stretched back to its original length by
contraction of an opposing muscle
 Elasticity
 Can recoil after being stretched

Types of Muscle Tissue
 Three types of MT
 Skeletal muscle tissue
 Packaged into skeletal muscles
 Makes up 40% of body weight
 Cells are striated

Types of Muscle Tissue
 Three types of MT (continued)

 Cardiac muscle tissue – occurs only in the walls
of the heart
 Smooth muscle tissue – occupies the walls of
hollow organs
 Cells lack striations

Similarities of Muscle Tissue
 Cells of muscles
 Are known as fibers
 Muscle contraction
 Depends on two types of myofilaments (contractile
proteins)
 One type contains actin
 Another type contains myosin
 These two proteins generate contractile force

Similarities of Muscle Tissues
 Plasma membrane is called a sarcolemma

 Cytoplasm is called sarcoplasm

Skeletal Muscle
 Each muscle is an organ

 Consists mostly of muscle tissue
 Skeletal muscle also contains
 Connective tissue
 Blood vessels
 Nerves

Basic Features of a Skeletal Muscle
 Connective tissue and fascicles

 Connective tissue sheaths bind a skeletal muscle
and its fibers together
 Epimysium – dense regular connective tissue
surrounding entire muscle
 Perimysium – surrounds each fascicle
(group of muscle fibers)
 Endomysium – a fine sheath of connective tissue
wrapping each muscle cell

 Connective tissue sheaths are continuous with

tendons
 See Figure 10.1a

Connective Tissue Sheaths in Skeletal Muscle
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 10.1a
 Nerves and blood vessels

 Each skeletal muscle supplied by branches of
 One nerve
 One artery
 One or more veins

 Nerves and blood vessels

 Nerves and vessels branch repeatedly
 Smallest nerve branches serve
 Individual muscle fibers
 Neuromuscular junction – signals the muscle to
contract
 Draw a picture of neuromuscular junction

 Muscle attachments
 Most skeletal muscles run from one bone to
another
 One bone will move – other bone remains fixed
 Origin – less movable attachment
 Insertion – more movable attachment

Muscle Attachments
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 10.3
 Muscle attachments (continued)

 Muscles attach to origins and insertions by CT
 Fleshy attachments – CT fibers are short
 Indirect attachments – CT forms a tendon or
aponeurosis
 Bone markings present where tendons meet bones
 Tubercles, trochanters, and crests

Microscopic and Functional Anatomy
of Skeletal Muscle Tissue
 The skeletal muscle fiber
 Fibers are long and cylindrical
 Are huge cells – diameter is 10–100µm
 Length – several centimeters to dozens of
centimeters
 Each cell formed by fusion of embryonic cells
 Cells are multinucleate
 Nuclei are peripherally located

Diagram of Part of a Muscle Fiber
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 10.4b
Myofibrils and Sarcomeres
 Striations result from internal structure of

myofibrils
 Myofibrils
 Long rods within cytoplasm
 Make up 80% of the cytoplasm
 Are a specialized contractile organelle found in
muscle tissue
 A long row of repeating segments called
sarcomeres (functional unit of Skeletal MT)

Sarcomere
 Basic unit of contraction of skeletal muscle

 Z disc (Z line) – boundaries of each sarcomere
 Thin (actin) filaments – extend from Z disc
toward the center of the sarcomere
 Thick (myosin) filaments – located in the center
of the sarcomere
 Overlap inner ends of the thin filaments
 Contain ATPase enzymes

Sarcomere Structure
 A bands – full length of the thick filament

 Includes inner end of thin filaments
 H zone – center part of A band where no thin
filaments occur

Sarcomere Structure (continued)
 M line – in center of H zone

 Contains tiny rods that hold thick filaments
together
 I band – region with only thin filaments
 Lies within two adjacent sarcomeres

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum and T Tubules
 Sarcoplasmic reticulum
 A specialized smooth ER
 Interconnecting tubules surround each myofibril
 Some tubules form cross-channels called terminal
cisternae
 Cisternae occur in pairs on either side of a
t-tubule

 Sarcoplasmic reticulum
 Contains calcium ions – released when muscle is
stimulated to contract
 Calcium ions diffuse through cytoplasm
 Trigger the sliding filament mechanism

in the Skeletal Muscle Fiber
Sarcomere and Myofibrils
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 10.4c
Mechanism of Contraction
 Sliding filament theory

 Myosin heads attach to actin in the thin filaments
 Then pivot to pull thin filaments inward toward the
center of the sarcomere
PLAY Sliding Filament Theory

Sliding Filament Mechanism
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 10.7a
Changes in Striation During Contraction
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 10.8a–c
Microscopic and Functional Anatomy
of Skeletal Muscle Tissue
 Muscle extension
 Muscle is stretched by a movement opposite that
which contracts it
 Muscle fiber length and force of contraction
 Greatest force produced when a fiber starts out
slightly stretched
 Myosin heads can pull along the entire length of
the thin filaments

The Role of Titin
 Titin – a spring-like molecule in sarcomeres

 Resists overstretching
 Holds thick filaments in place
 Unfolds when muscle is stretched
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 10.4d
 Muscle contraction
 Ultimately controlled by nerve-generated impulse
 Impulse travels along the sarcolemma of the
muscle cell
 Impulses further conducted by T tubules
 T tubule – a deep invagination of the
sarcolemma
PLAY Anatomy Review: Skeletal Muscle Tissue

Innervation of Skeletal Muscle
 Motor neurons innervate skeletal muscle tissue

 Neuromuscular junction is the point where nerve
ending and muscle fiber meet

PowerPoint® Lecture Slides
prepared by Leslie Hendon,
University of Alabama,
Birmingham
10 PART 2
HUMAN Muscle Tissue

ANATOMY
fifth edition
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc.,

MARIEB | MALLATT | WILHELM publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Types of Skeletal Muscle Fibers
 Skeletal muscle fibers are categorized according

to
 How they manufacture energy (ATP)
 How quickly they contract

 Skeletal muscle fibers

 Are divided into 3 classes
 Slow oxidative fibers (Type I)
 Red Slow twitch
 Fast glycolytic fibers (Type IIx)
 White fast-twitch
 Fast oxidative fibers (Type IIa)
 Intermediate fibers

 Slow oxidative fibers (Type I)

 Red color due to abundant myoglobin
 Obtain energy from aerobic metabolic reactions
 Contain a large number of mitochondria
 Richly supplied with capillaries
 Contract slowly and resistant to fatigue
 Fibers are small in diameter

 Fast glycolytic fibers (Type IIx)

 Contain little myoglobin and few mitochondria
 About twice the diameter of slow-oxidative fibers
 Contain more myofilaments and generate more
power
 Depend on anaerobic pathways
 Contract rapidly and tire quickly

 Fast oxidative fibers (Type IIa)

 Have an intermediate diameter
 Contract quickly like fast glycolytic fibers
 Are oxygen-dependent
 Have high myoglobin content and rich supply of
capillaries
 Somewhat fatigue-resistant
 More powerful than slow oxidative fibers

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Table 10.2 (1 of 3)
Disorders of Muscle Tissue
 Muscle tissues experience few disorders

 Heart muscle is the exception
 Skeletal muscle
 Remarkably resistant to infection
 Smooth muscle
 Problems stem from external irritants

 Muscular dystrophy
 A group of inherited muscle destroying disease
 Affected muscles enlarge with fat and connective
tissue
 Muscles degenerate
 Types of muscular dystrophy
 Duchenne muscular dystrophy
 Myotonic dystrophy

 Myofascial pain syndrome

 Pain is caused by tightened bands of muscle fibers
 Fibromyalgia
 A mysterious chronic-pain syndrome
 Affects mostly women
 Symptoms – fatigue, sleep abnormalities, severe
musculoskeletal pain, and headache

Muscle Tissue Throughout Life
 Muscle tissue develops from myoblasts

 Myoblasts fuse to form skeletal muscle fibers
 Skeletal muscles contract by the seventh week of
development

 Cardiac muscle
 Pumps blood three weeks after fertilization
 Satellite cells
 Surround skeletal muscle fibers
 Resemble undifferentiated myoblasts
 Fuse into existing muscle fibers to help them grow

 With increased age

 Amount of connective tissue increases in muscles
 Number of muscle fibers decreases
 Loss of muscle mass with aging
 Decrease in muscular strength by 50% by age 80
 Sarcopenia – muscle wasting

Muscle Tissue: Human Anatomy

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PowerPoint® Lecture Slides

prepared by Leslie Hendon,

HUMAN Muscle Tissue

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc.,

 Muscle – a Latin word for “little mouse”

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

 Functions of muscle tissue

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

 Functions of muscle tissue (continued)

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

 Three types of MT (continued)

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

 Plasma membrane is called a sarcolemma

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

 Each muscle is an organ

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

 Connective tissue and fascicles

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

 Connective tissue sheaths are continuous with

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

 Nerves and blood vessels

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

 Nerves and blood vessels

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

 Muscle attachments (continued)

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

 Striations result from internal structure of

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

 Basic unit of contraction of skeletal muscle

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

 A bands – full length of the thick filament

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

 M line – in center of H zone

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

 Sliding filament theory

PLAY Sliding Filament Theory

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

 Titin – a spring-like molecule in sarcomeres

PLAY Anatomy Review: Skeletal Muscle Tissue

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

 Motor neurons innervate skeletal muscle tissue

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

HUMAN Muscle Tissue

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc.,

 Skeletal muscle fibers are categorized according

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

 Skeletal muscle fibers

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

 Slow oxidative fibers (Type I)

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

 Fast glycolytic fibers (Type IIx)

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

 Fast oxidative fibers (Type IIa)

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings