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Exploring Protein Structure
Exploring Protein Structure
STRUCTURE
1
Proteins….
If there is a job to be
done in the molecular
world of our cells,
usually that job is done
by a protein. CATALASE
A protein hormone which helps to An enzyme which removes
regulate your blood sugar levels Hydrogen peroxide from your body
so it does not become toxic
Source: http://courses.washington.edu/conj/protein/insulin2.gif
http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/bsm/pdbsum/1gwf/main.html 2
Proteins can be fibrous
or globular
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Fibrous proteins have a structural role
•Collagen is the most abundant protein in
vertebrates. Collagen fibers are a major
portion of tendons, bone and skin. Alpha
helices of collagen make up a triple helix
structure giving it tough and flexible
properties.
Cell motility – proteins link together to form filaments which make movement
possible.
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Proteins for cell motility
Source: http://www.ebsa.org/npbsn41/maf_home.html
http://sun0.mpimf-
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Proteins in the Cell Cytoskeleton
Eukaryote cells have a cytoskeleton made up of straight hollow
cylinders called microtubules (bottom left).
They help cells maintain their shape, they act like conveyer belts
Tubulin moving organelles around in the cytoplasm, and they participate
forms in forming spindle fibres in cell division.
helical
filaments Microtubules are composed of filaments of the protein, tubulin
(top left) . These filaments are compressed like springs allowing
microtubules to ‘stretch and contract’.
13 of these filaments attach side to side, a little like the slats in a
barrel, to form a microtubule. This barrel shaped structure gives
strength to the microtubule.
Source: heidelberg.mpg.de/shared/docs/staff/user/0001/24.php3?
department=01&LANG=en
http://www.fz-juelich.de/ibi/ibi-1/Cellular_signaling/ 7
http://cpmcnet.columbia.edu/dept/gsas/anatomy/Faculty/Gundersen/main.html
Proteins speed up reactions - Enzymes
2 2 +
Source: http://www.biology.arizona.edu/biochemistry/tutorials/chemistry/page2.html
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http://www.cbp.pitt.edu/bradbury/projects.htm
Proteins Defend us against pathogens –
antibodies
Left: Antibodies like IgG found in
humans, recognise and bind to
groups of molecules or epitopes
found on foreign invaders.
Source: http://www.biology.arizona.edu/immunology/tutorials/antibody/FR.html
http://tutor.lscf.ucsb.edu/instdev/sears/immunology/info/sears-ab.htm
http://www.spilya.com/research/ 10
http://www.umass.edu/microbio/chime/
Making Proteins
How are such a diverse range of proteins possible? The code for making a protein is
found in your genes (on your DNA). This genetic code is copied onto a messenger
RNA molecule. The mRNA code is read in multiples of 3 (a codon) by ribosomes
which join amino acids together to form a polypeptide. This is known as gene
expression.
Source: http://genetics.nbii.gov/Basic1.html 11
The protein folds
G
M
Gene Expression FG S to form its
G
E F T
FL T working shape
T
S SS K
KK
F
LL
S KG T G
S K
M
M L F
M
S G E
L
M GK E E
M
E EE
G EE
G
M G T G
Gene E E L F
E
DNA
Cell machinery
CELL copies the code
G T A C T A making an mRNA
The order of bases in molecule. This
NUCLEUS DNA is a code for moves into the
Chromosome making proteins. The cytoplasm.
code is read in groups of
Ribosomes read the
three
code and accurately
AUGAGUAAAGGAGAAGAACUUUUCACUGGAU join Amino acids
A together to make a
M S E E L F T
K G G protein
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The building blocks
The amino acids for making new proteins come from
the proteins that you eat and digest. Every time you
eat a burger (vege or beef), you break the proteins
down into single amino acids ready for use in
building new proteins. And yes, proteins have the
job of digesting proteins, they are known as
proteases.
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Amino Acids
An amino acid is a relatively small molecule with characteristic groups of atoms
that determine its chemical behaviour.
The structural formula of an amino acid is shown at the end of the animation
below. The R group is the only part that differs between the 20 amino acids.
Phenyl Cysteine
Glycine
Alanine
alanine
Valine
S
CHH
H 3
H3H
C H H
C
R
Amino
H N C C O H Acid
H H O 14
The 20 Amino Acids
The amino acids each have their own shape and charge
due to their specific R group.
http://sosnick.uchicago.edu/amino_acids.html
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Making a Polypeptide
R H O
C O H H N C
H2N C C R
O ¯H H H O
O C O H
R H N C H N C
C O H
Peptide Bond Peptide Bond Peptide Bond
O
R
R H O R
H
C N C C O H
H2N C C N
O H C
O O
R
Polypeptide
Growth
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Why Investigate Protein Structure?
Proteins are complex molecules whose
structure can be discussed in terms of:
primary structure
secondary structure
tertiary structure
quaternary structure
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Protein Primary Structure
The primary structure is the sequence of amino acids that are linked
together. The linear structure is called a polypeptide
http://www.mywiseowl.com/articles/Image:Protein-primary-structure.png
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Protein Secondary Structure
The secondary structure of proteins consists of:
alpha helices
beta sheets
Random coils – usually form the binding and active sites of proteins
Source: http://www.rothamsted.bbsrc.ac.uk/notebook/courses/guide/prot.htm#I
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Protein Tertiary Structure
Involves the way the random coils, alpha
helices and beta sheets fold in respect to
each other.
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Protein Quaternary Structure
This is packing of the protein subunits to
form the final protein complex. For
example, the human hemoglobin
molecule is a tetramer made up of
two alpha and two beta polypeptide
chains (right)
Source: www.ibri.org
/Books/ Pun_Evolution/Chapter2/2.6.htm
Source:
www.cem.msu.edu/~parrill/movies/neur
am.GIF 21
Explore your proteins
Scientists have worked out the shape of many proteins by
conducting experiments. When they have their results, they
publish them and this information is then entered into
supercomputing systems for people to access.
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Research another protein. Discuss what you can learn about
its structure, function and the organism it comes from using
the skills you learned today and website resources.
You can explore a number of proteins using Cn3D. Go to the following
URL:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Structure
In the “for” box, try some of the proteins listed below (one at a time)
and then hit “go”. You will get a list of options. Click on the writing
in blue to select one. A new page will appear. Click on the View 3D
structure button. Explore using your Cn3D skills.
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