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REPTILES
REPTILES
REPTILES
Reptiles
Introduction
• Class Reptilia
• Order Testudines or Chelonia -----Turtles
• Order Rhynchocephalia------------Tuataras
• Order Squamata------------------snakes, lizards, worm
lizards
• Order Crocodilia-------------------crocodiles, alligators,
caimans, gavials.
Evolutionary Perspective
• I. It is believed that the earliest members of the reptile family
were the first to have amniotic eggs.
• A. Characteristics of amniotic eggs:
• 1.Extraembronic membranes (protect the embryo from
desiccation).
• 2. cushion the embryo
• 3. promote gas transfer
• 4. store waste materials
• 5. leathery or hard shells
• 6. albumen cushions the embryo and provides moisture and
nutrients
• 7. yolk supplies food
Amniotic Egg
Basic Characteristics of the Reptile
Group
• 1. They have a skull with 1 surface for movement with
the first neck vertebra
• 2. respiration by lungs
• 3. kidneys
• 4. internal fertilization
• 5. amniotic eggs
• 6. dry skin with keratinized epidermal scales
*****note there are 17 orders of reptiles, most extinct, 4
orders today.********
NO not a chicken
Compare and Contrast
Order Testudines (Chelonia)
Turtles
• Roughly 225 species of turtles
• Characteristics
• 1.bony shell
• 2. limbs articulating internally to the ribs
• 3. keratinized beak rather than teeth
• 4. hinge that allows the shell to open and close (head
and legs to come in and out)
• 5. 8 cervical vertebrae (which can curve into S shape
which allows turtles head to be drawn in)
Order Testudines (Chelonia)
Turtles
• 6. long life spans
• (reach sexual maturity at 7-8 years, and live 14 years
or more, some on the Galapagos Islands may live in
excess of 100 years)
• 7. oviparous (eggs are deposited outside the body)
• Females use hind limbs to excavate nests in the soil.
They lay eggs there and cover with soil. Usually laid in
clutches of 5-100 eggs.
Order Rhynchocephalia
Lizardlike Reptiles
• Characteristics
• 1. two rows of teeth on the upper jaw, and a single row on the
lower jaw
• ****gives them a bite that could decapitate a small bird*****
• 2. widely distributed in New Zealand
• 3. often fall prey to human influences and domestic animals
• 4. oviparous (lay eggs outside the body)
• 5. share underground burrows with seabirds
• 6. venture out of their burrows at dusk and dawn to feed on
insects or occasionally small vertebrates.
• See picture on page 316, Figure 20.7
Stopped here on feb 25
Order Squamata
• Characteristics:
• 1. 135 species
• 2. specialized burrowers of soil in Africa
• 3. most are legless
• 4. skulls are wedge or shovel shaped
• 5. single median tooth in the upper jaw
• 6. skin has ring like folds
• 7. feed on worms and small insects
• 8. oviparous
Order Crocodilia
• Characteristics:
• 1. 21 species
• 2. triangular eye openings for the eye openings
• 3. laterally compressed teeth
• 4. elongated snout
• 5. nostrils are at the tip of the snout
• 6. muscular, elongated tail that is laterally compressed tail for swimming
• 7. food is swallowed whole
• 8. the stomach is like a gizard, they swallow rocks and other objects to be
used in breaking apart food and digestion
• 9. oviparous, lay eggs outside body and build nests
70-80 white, pointed
Alligator teeth of similar shape
Alligator
• Length in wild
• 8-9" at birth
• typical old male 15', female about 10'
• largest recorded in Florida -- 17'5"
• Weight in wild
• varies among alligators and is not related to length
• largest males can weigh up to 1,000 pounds
• Body
• adults black
• young have vertical yellow bands until about 3-4 years old (see photo below
in "Young")
• Famous for the death roll. Grab the prey go down into the water and spin
until the prey drowns.
Crocodiles
Crocodiles
• Size greatly varies between species, from the dwarf
crocodile to the saltwater crocodile. Species of
Palaeosuchus and Osteolaemus grow to an adult size of
just 1 metre (3.3 ft) to 1.5 metres (4.9 ft). Larger species
can reach over 4.85 metres (15.9 ft) long and weigh
well over 1,200 kilograms (2,600 lb). Crocodilians
show pronounced sexual dimorphism with males
growing much larger and more rapidly than females.
Crocodiles
• Ambush Hunters: Crocodiles are ambush hunters,
waiting for fish or land animals to come close, then
rushing out to attack. As cold-blooded predators, they
can survive long periods without food, and rarely need
to actively go hunting. Known for having lock jaw.
Escape rarely happens.
• World's Largest Reptile: The largest species of
crocodile, also Earth's largest reptile, is the Saltwater
Crocodile, found in northern Australia and throughout
South-east Asia.
Crocodile products
• Alligator-Offspring
• Alligator females will typically build a nest near water where she will deposit
30-50 eggs. She will bury the nest with vegetation and mud which raise 2-3
feet above ground level. She will guard the nest through the 60-day gestation
period and aid the hatchlings with breaking out of the nest. Hatchlings will
form social groups called "pods" and remain with the mother for up to a year
after birth.
Reproduction
• Crocodiles-
• This species digs hole nests up to 50cm deep in sandy banks,
several metres from the water. These may be in close proximity
to other nests. Timing of nesting behaviour varies with
geographic location - it takes place during the dry season in the
north, but at the start of the rainy season further south, usually
from November through to the end of December. Females reach
sexual maturity around 2.6 m, males at around 3.1 m. Females
lay around 40 to 60 eggs in the nest, although this number is
quite variable between different populations. Females remain
near the nest at all times.
Reproduction
• Incubation time averages 80 to 90 days (ranges from 70
to 100 days), after which females open the nest and
carry the juveniles to the water. Both males and females
have been reported to assist hatching by gently cracking
open eggs between their tongue and upper palate.
Hatchlings remain close to the juveniles for up to two
years after hatching, often forming a creche with other
females. As with many crocodilians, older juveniles tend
to stay away from older, more territorial animals.