2021 02 03 Class Presentation - SQL FROM

Querying data with T-SQL
WELCOME TO OUR SESSION ON

QUERYING DATA WITH T-SQL
2020 CTU Training Solutions | All Rights Reserved | ctutraining.ac.za

REFERENCE TO THE MICROSOFT T-SQL QUERIES SITE
Microsoft T-SQL
https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/s
ql/t-sql/language-reference?view=s
ql-server-ver15
REFERENCE

MainREFERENCE TO EXAMPLES USING SQL KEYWORDS
Heading | Subheading
Examples using SQL keywords on W3Schools

https://www.w3schools.com/sql/default.asp
REFERENCE
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SQL QUERIES – CLAUSES IN THE SELECT STATEMENT
SELECT [DISTINCT] [TOP] … <select_list>
FROM … JOIN ON
WRITTEN ORDER
APPLY The SQL language was created

in 1970 by IBM. The developers
PIVOT wanted the structure to be
UNPIVOT based on normal English
WHERE … sentence structures e.g.:
GROUP BY …
HAVING … Select the top 5 movies from
ORDER BY … Netflix where the main actor’s
surname contains the text
OFFSET … FETCH … “Bale” or “Cooper”.

SQL QUERIES - CLAUSES IN THE SELECT STATEMENT
(5) SELECT (5-2) [DISTINCT] (7) [TOP] … (5-1) <select_list>
(1) FROM … (1-1) JOIN ON
PROCESSING ORDER
(1-2) APPLY In most programming

(1-3) PIVOT languages, the code is
processed in the order in which
(1-4) UNPIVOT it is written.
(2) WHERE … However, in SQL, the first
clause that is processed is the
(3) GROUP BY … FROM clause, whereas the
(4) HAVING … SELECT clause, which is typed
(6) ORDER BY … first, is processed almost last.
(7) OFFSET … ROWS FETCH …

1. THE FROM CLAUSE
(1-2) APPLY
FROM CLAUSE
(1-3) PIVOT

(1-4) UNPIVOT
(2) WHERE …
(3) GROUP BY …
(4) HAVING …
(6) ORDER BY …

1 THE FROM CLAUSE
The FROM clause is used to specify the objects (mostly tables or views) from
which the data should be retrieved.
SELECT customer_name, customer_cell_number
FROM Customers
FROM CLAUSE
In some cases where a Variable

single data item is DECLARE @MyCounter int;
retrieved from variables SET @MyCounter = 0;
or functions, the FROM
clause can be omitted: WHILE (@MyCounter < 26)
BEGIN;
Function SET @MyCounter = @MyCounter + 1;
SELECT GETDATE() END;
2020-07-17
10:36:53.240 SELECT @MyCounter
26

PRACTICAL
Visit https://www.wiseowl.co.uk/sql/exercises/standard and do the Simple
Queries exercises.
Store your sql code and a snapshot of the result in a Word document.
FROM CLAUSE

1-1 JOIN ON
(1-2) APPLY
(1-3) PIVOT
1-1 JOIN ON
(1-4) UNPIVOT

(2) WHERE …
(3) GROUP BY …
(4) HAVING …
(6) ORDER BY …

1-1 JOIN ON
When data is retrieved from multiple tables, we can include JOIN
structures in the FROM clause to:
- join (merge) the data from these tables,
- based on the data in columns that we specify using the ON keyword.
1-1 JOIN ON
The columns used to join the tables are normally primary and foreign keys,
but they don’t have to be. They can even be columns with no relationships
between them at all.
Therefor, do not assume that SQL Server will automatically join tables using
their primary and foreign keys. Your query still has to specify the
columns to be used for joining the tables.

USING
Main DIFFERENT
Heading COLUMNS TO JOIN TABLES
| Subheading
SELECT Sales.Customer.CustomerID
FROM Sales.Customer
EXAMPLES – JOIN ON
-- 19 820 rows
SELECT Sales.SalesOrderHeader.SalesOrderID
FROM Sales.SalesOrderHeader
-- 31 465 rows
FROM Sales.Customer
JOIN Sales.SalesOrderHeader
ON Sales.Customer.CustomerID = Sales.SalesOrderHeader.CustomerID
-- 31 465 rows
FROM Sales.Customer
JOIN Sales.SalesOrderHeader
ON Sales.Customer.TerritoryID = Sales.SalesOrderHeader.TerritoryID
-- 13 000 000+ rows
2 0 2 02 0C2T0U CTTr U
1-1 JOIN ON
SELECT *
FROM dbo.Customers A
INNER JOIN dbo.Orders B
ON A.customer_id = B.customer_id
1-1 JOIN ON
In a typical query like this, the Customers table is referred to as the

Left table and Orders is referred to as the Right table.
Note that each table has an alias (A and B), which can be used to
refer to the tables in other clauses of the query.

CUSTOMERS EXAMPLE DATA
The following examples demonstrate the use of different kinds of

joins.
The Customers and Orders tables on the left will be used as

1-1 JOIN ON
input.
ORDERS Note: Although customer_id is used as FK in the Orders table,

there is no foreign key constrains implemented on
Orders.customer_id.
This is done to accommodate records 101 and 104 in the Orders

table, which has no corresponding customers in the Customers
table (to demonstrate the various kinds of joins).
2 0 2 02 0C2T0U CTTr U
CUSTOMERS INNER JOIN (The INNER keyword is optional)
This is the simplest and most common join. This query will return all of
the records in the left table (table A) that have a matching record in the
right table (table B).
SELECT *
1-1 JOIN ON
JOIN dbo.Orders B
ORDERS
RESULT
2 0 2 02 0C2T0U CTTr U
CUSTOMERS LEFT OUTER JOIN (The OUTER keyword is optional)
This query will return all of the records in the left table (table A) regardless
if any of those records have a match in the right table (table B). It will also
return any matching records from the right table.
SELECT *
1-1 JOIN ON
LEFT JOIN dbo.Orders B
ORDERS
RESULT
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CUSTOMERS RIGHT OUTER JOIN (The OUTER keyword is optional)
This query will return all of the records in the right table (table B)
regardless if any of those records have a match in the left table (table
A). It will also return any matching records from the left table.
SELECT *
1-1 JOIN ON
RIGHT JOIN dbo.Orders B

ORDERS
RESULT
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CUSTOMERS FULL OUTER JOIN
This Join can be referred to as a FULL OUTER JOIN or a FULL JOIN.
This query will return all of the records from both tables, joining
records from the left table (table A) that match records from the
right table (table B).
SELECT *
1-1 JOIN ON
FULL OUTER JOIN dbo.Orders B
ORDERS
RESULT
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CUSTOMERS LEFT EXCLUDING JOIN
This query will return all of the records in the left table
(table A) that do not match any records in the right
table (table B).
1-1 JOIN ON
SELECT *
LEFT JOIN dbo.Orders B
ORDERS ON A.customer_id = B.customer_id
WHERE B.customer_id IS NULL
RESULT
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CUSTOMERS RIGHT EXCLUDING JOIN
This query will return all of the records in the right table (table B) that
do not match any records in the left table (table A).
SELECT *
1-1 JOIN ON
RIGHT JOIN dbo.Orders B

ORDERS WHERE A.customer_id IS NULL
RESULT
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CUSTOMERS OUTER EXCLUDING JOIN
This query will return all of the records in the left table (table A)
and all of the records in the right table (table B) that do not match.
1-1 JOIN ON
SELECT *
ORDERS FULL OUTER JOIN dbo.Orders B
WHERE A.customer_id IS NULL OR
B.customer_id IS NULL
RESULT
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PRACTICAL
Visit https://www.wiseowl.co.uk/sql/exercises/standard and do the exercises
on Basic joins and More exotic joins.
Store your sql code and a snapshot of the results in a Word document.
1-1 JOIN ON

1-2 APPLY
(1-2) APPLY
(1-3) PIVOT
1-2 APPLY
(1-4) UNPIVOT

(2) WHERE …
(3) GROUP BY …
(4) HAVING …
(6) ORDER BY …

CUSTOMERS 1-2 APPLY
The APPLY operator applies the right table
expression to every row from the left input.
SELECT *
FROM dbo.Customers AS A
CROSS APPLY
1-2 APPLY
( SELECT TOP (2) B.order_id, B.customer_id

FROM dbo.Orders AS B
ORDERS WHERE B.customer_id = A.customer_id
ORDER BY order_id DESC) AS C;
RESULT

1-3 PIVOT
1-3 PIVOT & 1-4 UNPIVOT

(1-2) APPLY
(1-3) PIVOT
(1-4) UNPIVOT
(2) WHERE …
(3) GROUP BY …
(4) HAVING …
(6) ORDER BY …

You use the PIVOT operator to rotate, or pivot, data from
rows to columns, performing aggregations along the way.

UNPIVOT turns columns into rows.
SELECT empid, [2013], [2014], [2015]

FROM ( SELECT empid, YEAR(orderdate) AS orderyear, val
FROM Sales.OrderValues ) AS D
PIVOT( SUM(val) FOR orderyear IN([2013],[2014],[2015]) ) AS P;
RESULT
empid 2013 2014 2015
------ --------- ---------- ---------
9 9894.52 26310.39 41103.17
3 18223.96 108026.17 76562.75
6 16642.61 43126.38 14144.16
7 15232.16 60471.19 48864.89

2 THE WHERE CLAUSE
2 THE WHERE CLAUSE
(1-2) APPLY

(1-3) PIVOT
(1-4) UNPIVOT
(2) WHERE …
(3) GROUP BY …
(4) HAVING …
(6) ORDER BY …

2 THE WHERE CLAUSE
The ON keyword that was used with the JOIN operations, is used as
primary filter, because it stipulates how tables should be joined and
2 THE WHERE CLAUSE
subsequently which records should primarily be included by the JOIN

operation.
The WHERE clause is now used as a further filtering mechanism - to

filter the retrieved rows on additional predicates that were not part of
the JOIN ON conditions.
Obviously, if you only retrieve records from a single table, the WHERE
clause will be your only change to filter out individual records.

CUSTOMERS SELECT *
2 THE WHERE CLAUSE
ORDERS
SELECT *
WHERE B.amount > 100
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2 THE WHERE CLAUSE
When multiple operators appear in the same expression, SQL Server
evaluates them based on operator precedence rules. The following list
2 THE WHERE CLAUSE
describes the precedence among operators, from highest to lowest:

1. ( ) (Parentheses)
2. * (Multiplication), / (Division), % (Modulo)
3. + (Positive), – (Negative), + (Addition),
+ (Concatenation), – (Subtraction)
4. =, >, <, >=, <=, <> (Comparison operators)
5. NOT
6. AND
7. BETWEEN, IN, LIKE, OR
8. = (Assignment)
Most of the above operators are well known or self-explanatory. But

Let’s have a further look at BETWEEN, IN and LIKE.

2 THE WHERE CLAUSE
The BETWEEN predicate
You use the BETWEEN predicate to check
whether a value is in a specified range, inclusive
2 THE WHERE CLAUSE
of the two specified delimiters.

ORDERS
SELECT *
WHERE B.amount BETWEEN 500 AND 1000
RESULT

2 THE WHERE CLAUSE
The IN predicate
You use the IN predicate to check whether a
value, or scalar expression, is equal to at least
2 THE WHERE CLAUSE
one of the elements in a set.

ORDERS
SELECT *
WHERE B.order_id IN(102, 107)
RESULT

2 THE WHERE CLAUSE
CUSTOMERS The LIKE predicate
T-SQL provides a predicate called LIKE that
you can use to check whether a character
2 THE WHERE CLAUSE
string matches a specified pattern.

Following are the wildcards supported in
the patterns.
The % (percent) wildcard
The percent sign represents a string of any
size, including an empty string. For example,
the following query returns customers
where the name starts with M:
SELECT * RESULT
FROM dbo.Customers
WHERE customer_name LIKE N'M%'

2 THE WHERE CLAUSE
The _ (underscore) wildcard

2 THE WHERE CLAUSE
An underscore represents a single character.

For example, the following query returns
customers where the second character in
the name is e:
SELECT * RESULT
FROM dbo.Customers
WHERE customer_name LIKE N'_e%'

2 THE WHERE CLAUSE
The [list of characters] wildcard

2 THE WHERE CLAUSE
Square brackets with a list of characters (such

as [ABC]) represent a single character that must
be one of the characters specified in the list. For
example, the following query returns customers
where the first character in the name is C, G,
or K:
SELECT * RESULT
FROM dbo.Customers
WHERE customer_name LIKE N'[CGK]%';

2 THE WHERE CLAUSE
The [character-character] wildcard

2 THE WHERE CLAUSE
Square brackets with a character range

(such as [A-E]) represent a single character
that must be within the specified range. For
example, the following query returns
employees where the first character in the
last name is a letter in the range A through
E, inclusive.
SELECT * RESULT
FROM dbo.Customers
WHERE customer_name LIKE N'[A-E]%';

2 THE WHERE CLAUSE
Be aware of date formats when including them

in your WHERE clause.
2 THE WHERE CLAUSE
SET LANGUAGE British;

SELECT CAST('02/12/2020' AS DATE);
-- Output 2020-12-02
SET LANGUAGE us_english;

SELECT CAST('02/12/2020' AS DATE);
-- Output 2020-02-12

2 THE WHERE CLAUSE
SET LANGUAGE British;

SELECT CAST('20200212' AS DATE);
2 THE WHERE CLAUSE
-- Output 2020-02-12
SET LANGUAGE us_english;

SELECT CAST('20200212' AS DATE);
-- Output 2020-02-12

3 THE GROUP BY CLAUSE

(1-2) APPLY
(1-3) PIVOT
(1-4) UNPIVOT
(2) WHERE …
(3) GROUP BY …
(4) HAVING …
(6) ORDER BY …

CUSTOMERS You can use the GROUP BY clause to arrange the
rows returned by the previous processes into
groups.
SELECT A.customer_id, SUM(B.amount) Elements that do not

FROM dbo.Customers A participate in
INNER JOIN dbo.Orders B the GROUP BY clause
ORDERS ON A.customer_id = B.customer_id are allowed only as
GROUP BY A.customer_id; inputs to an
aggregate function
RESULT such as COUNT, SUM,
AVG, MIN, or MAX.
2 0 2 02 0C2T0U CTTr U
4 THE HAVING CLAUSE
4 THE HAVING CLAUSE
(1-2) APPLY

(1-3) PIVOT
(1-4) UNPIVOT
(2) WHERE …
(3) GROUP BY …
(4) HAVING …
(6) ORDER BY …

CUSTOMERS Whereas the WHERE clause is used to filter
individual rows, the HAVING clause is a group filter.
4 THE HAVING CLAUSE
SELECT A.customer_id, SUM(B.amount) Groups with only 1

FROM dbo.Customers A order are excluded.
GROUP BY A.customer_id
ORDERS HAVING COUNT(B.customer_id) > 1
RESULT
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5-1 THE SELECT LIST
(1-2) APPLY
5-1 THE SELECT LIST
(1-3) PIVOT

(1-4) UNPIVOT
(2) WHERE …
(3) GROUP BY …
(4) HAVING …
(6) ORDER BY …

CUSTOMERS After all the joining, filtering and grouping have been done,
the SELECT LIST stipulates the data that should be included
in the final output (just before the ORDER clause sorts it).
4 THE HAVING CLAUSE
This does not only include table columns, but also computed
data via the use of functions such as COUNT, SUM, AVG,
MIN, and MAX. You may also compile your own functions
and use them in this same way.
SELECT B.customer_id, A.customer_name, Note that you can

ORDERS SUM(B.amount) AS [Total Amount], supply new column
COUNT(B.order_id) AS [Orders] names for the output
by using the AS
keyword.
Group by B.customer_id, A.customer_name
RESULT
2 0 2 02 0C2T0U CTTr U
5-2 THE SELECT DISTINCT CLAUSE
5-2 THE DISTINCT CLAUSE

(1-2) APPLY
(1-3) PIVOT
(1-4) UNPIVOT
(2) WHERE …
(3) GROUP BY …
(4) HAVING …
(6) ORDER BY …

5-2 THE SELECT DISTINCT CLAUSE CUSTOMERS
SQL provides the means to remove duplicate
values by using the DISTINCT clause.
SELECT DISTINCT B.customer_id

FROM dbo.Orders B
ORDERS
RESULT
2 0 2 02 0C2T0U CTTr U
6 THE ORDER BY CLAUSE
(1-2) APPLY

(1-3) PIVOT
(1-4) UNPIVOT
(2) WHERE …
(3) GROUP BY …
(4) HAVING …
(6) ORDER BY …

When your table is newly created, records are
normally inserted in sequential order. When you

retrieve these records with a query, they might be
presented in the correct order you wanted.
SELECT *
FROM dbo.Customers
RESULT
But looks can be deceiving…

If you care about the ordering of your output data,
ALWAYS use an ORDER clause to ensure that the rows

are sorted in the correct order.
SELECT * SELECT *
FROM dbo.Customers A FROM dbo.Customers A
ORDER by A.customer_id ORDER by A.customer_name DESC
RESULT RESULT

You can also sort your data on multiple columns.
SELECT *
ORDER BY A.customer_name DESC, B.amount ASC
RESULT

7 TOP, OFFSET, FETCH
7 TOP, OFFSET, FETCH
(1-2) APPLY

(1-3) PIVOT
(1-4) UNPIVOT
(2) WHERE …
(3) GROUP BY …
(4) HAVING …
(6) ORDER BY …

CUSTOMERS
7 TOP
Get the 2 orders (and their customers)
with the highest values.
SELECT TOP 2 * We sort the rows by
FROM dbo.Customers A amount in DESC order,
7 TOP
ORDERS INNER JOIN dbo.Orders B to ensure the orders

ON A.customer_id = B.customer_id with the largest
ORDER BY B.amount DESC amounts are at the top.
RESULT
2 0 2 02 0C2T0U CTTr U
CUSTOMERS
7 OFFSET, FETCH
Perform the same query as in the
previous example, but skip the first 3
7 OFFSET, FETCH
orders and then fetch the next 3.

SELECT * Note that a query that
ORDERS FROM dbo.Customers A uses OFFSET-FETCH must
INNER JOIN dbo.Orders B have an ORDER BY clause.
ORDER BY B.amount DESC
OFFSET 3 ROWS FETCH NEXT 3 ROWS ONLY
RESULT
2 0 2 02 0C2T0U CTTr U
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Querying data with T-SQL

WELCOME TO OUR SESSION ON

2020 CTU Training Solutions | All Rights Reserved | ctutraining.ac.za

2020 CTU Training Solutions | All Rights Reserved | ctutraining.ac.za

Examples using SQL keywords on W3Schools

APPLY The SQL language was created

2020 CTU Training Solutions | All Rights Reserved | ctutraining.ac.za

(1-2) APPLY In most programming

2020 CTU Training Solutions | All Rights Reserved | ctutraining.ac.za

(1-3) PIVOT

2020 CTU Training Solutions | All Rights Reserved | ctutraining.ac.za

In some cases where a Variable

2020 CTU Training Solutions | All Rights Reserved | ctutraining.ac.za

2020 CTU Training Solutions | All Rights Reserved | ctutraining.ac.za

(1-4) UNPIVOT

2020 CTU Training Solutions | All Rights Reserved | ctutraining.ac.za

2020 CTU Training Solutions | All Rights Reserved | ctutraining.ac.za

In a typical query like this, the Customers table is referred to as the

2020 CTU Training Solutions | All Rights Reserved | ctutraining.ac.za

The following examples demonstrate the use of different kinds of

The Customers and Orders tables on the left will be used as

ORDERS Note: Although customer_id is used as FK in the Orders table,

This is done to accommodate records 101 and 104 in the Orders

RIGHT JOIN dbo.Orders B

RIGHT JOIN dbo.Orders B

2020 CTU Training Solutions | All Rights Reserved | ctutraining.ac.za

(1-4) UNPIVOT

2020 CTU Training Solutions | All Rights Reserved | ctutraining.ac.za

( SELECT TOP (2) B.order_id, B.customer_id

2020 CTU Training Solutions | All Rights Reserved | ctutraining.ac.za

(1) FROM … (1-1) JOIN ON

2020 CTU Training Solutions | All Rights Reserved | ctutraining.ac.za

rows to columns, performing aggregations along the way.

SELECT empid, [2013], [2014], [2015]

2020 CTU Training Solutions | All Rights Reserved | ctutraining.ac.za

(1-2) APPLY

2020 CTU Training Solutions | All Rights Reserved | ctutraining.ac.za

subsequently which records should primarily be included by the JOIN

The WHERE clause is now used as a further filtering mechanism - to

2020 CTU Training Solutions | All Rights Reserved | ctutraining.ac.za

describes the precedence among operators, from highest to lowest:

Most of the above operators are well known or self-explanatory. But

2020 CTU Training Solutions | All Rights Reserved | ctutraining.ac.za

of the two specified delimiters.

2020 CTU Training Solutions | All Rights Reserved | ctutraining.ac.za

one of the elements in a set.

2020 CTU Training Solutions | All Rights Reserved | ctutraining.ac.za

string matches a specified pattern.

2020 CTU Training Solutions | All Rights Reserved | ctutraining.ac.za

The _ (underscore) wildcard

An underscore represents a single character.

2020 CTU Training Solutions | All Rights Reserved | ctutraining.ac.za

The [list of characters] wildcard

Square brackets with a list of characters (such

2020 CTU Training Solutions | All Rights Reserved | ctutraining.ac.za

The [character-character] wildcard

Square brackets with a character range

2020 CTU Training Solutions | All Rights Reserved | ctutraining.ac.za