EEN-112: Electrical

Science
INDUCTION MOTOR
Three-Phase Induction Machines
Induction Machines
Wound Rotor machines are not the part of this course
Synchronous Speed
(at which flux rotates)

A two pole machine generates a 1 cycle of voltage if rotor completes a one rotation in 1 sec. Thus
frequency of rotor (mechanical speed w) and voltage (electrical speed ws) for P pole machine can be related as


s  ωs = speed in rad/sec
or an]
[ electrical speed

P2 ωs= speed in rad/sec [mechanical speed]

120 f
ns  ns = speed in rpm

P
For two pole machine electrical speed and mechanical speed is same.
 Synchronous speed Vs no of poles
Thus for a given frequency of supply and no of poles in the machine , it remains constant
1.How a rotating magnetic field is formed in the air gap of a three-phase Induction
motor, when the balanced winding of the stator is fed from a balanced supply?

2. Why does the magnitude of the magnetic field remain constant, and also what is
the speed of rotation of the magnetic field, so formed? Also what is meant by the term
‘synchronous speed’?

A three-phase balanced voltage, with the phase sequence as R-Y-B, is applied to

the above winding.
In a balanced voltage, the magnitude of the voltage in each phase, assumed to be
in star in this case, is equal, with the phase angle of the voltage between the
adjacent phases, say R & Y, being120
 Balanced Current applied to each winding
with equal phase displacement

2-pole stator is shown, with the angle between the

adjacent phases, R & Y as , in both mechanical and
electrical terms. Since the magnetic axes are located
120 electrical degree apart in space from each other,
the three mmf’s are expresses mathematically as

wherein it has been considered that the three mmf waves differ progressively in time
phase by i.e. 2π/3 rad (elect.), and are separated in space phase by , i.e. 2π /3rad (elect.)
The peak value of the resultant mmf i Fpeak=. 1.5 Fm

The value of Fm depends on No. of turns/phase, winding current, No. of poles, and
winding factor.
[Refer Next Page Slide no.22]
At ωt=0, i.e. when the current in R phase has maximum positive value,

i.e. the mmf wave has its peak value lying on the axis of R phase, when it carries
maximum positive current.

At 120(ωt=2π/3° ) the phase Y (assumed lagging) has its positive current maximum, so
that the peak of the rotating magnetic field (mmf) lying on the axis of Y phase. By the
same argument, the peak of the mmf coincides with the axis of phase B at )
240(3/4°=πωt.
It is, therefore, seen that the resultant mmf moves from the axis of the leading phase
to that of the lagging phase, i.e. from phase R towards phase Y, and then phase B, hen
the phase sequence of the currents is R-Y-B (R leads Y, and Y leads B).
Direction of mmf is reversed by simply changing the phase sequence of currents
Let us assume the magnitude of peak voltage is unity thus at wt = 90 degree the
resultant airgap flux is 1.5 times the flux generated by individual winding.
In subsequent slides it can be seen that it remains constant at any instant of time
 At wt=90
R=1,Y=-.5,B=-0.5
 At wt=120
R= √3/2,Y=0,B= -√3/2
 At wt=150
R=.5,Y=.5,B=-1
 At wt=180
R=0,B= √3/2,C=- √3/2
ER= voltage induced in rotor while it is
rotating

See above equation rotor

current equation the rotor
voltage should be Ero in this
diagram i.e. when rotor is at
stand still NOT THE ErRas given
in this diagram
RPI=input Power to Rotor
PAG= Rotor AirGap Power Pd= developed Power
PSCL=Stator copper loss Td= Developed Torque
PRCL=Rotor copper loss
A 480V, 60 Hz, 6-pole, three-phase, delta-connected induction motor has the
following parameters: R1212m=0.461 Ω, R=0.258 Ω, X=0.507 Ω, X=0.309 Ω, X=30.74
Ω Rotational losses are 2450W. The motor drives a mechanical load at a speed of
1170 rpm. Calculate the following information:
i. Synchronous speed in rpm
ii. slip
iii. Line Current
iv. Input Power
v. Airgap Power
vi. Torque Developed
vii. Output Power in Hp
viii. Efficiency

This machine has no iron loss resistance, so the equivalent circuit is as follows:

Synchronous speed is given by:

The equivalent circuit per phase, of the rotor
Rotor input

[1]
Rotor Cu Loss
[2]

Rotor output is the loss in a fictitious resistance which

depends on slip and is given below.
[3]
 from[1]

[from 3]

[4]
Using the induction machine power and torque equations it is
possible to produce the torque speed curve shown below.
 Gross Torque Developed
• The current per phase in the rotor winding
A

B
Torque-slip (speed) Characteristics, with variation in
input (stator) voltage
Torque-slip (speed) Characteristics, with variation in
input (stator) voltage rotor circuit resistance
 Operating Regions
The torque-speed curve brakes down into three operating regions:

1. Braking, n < 0, s > 1 Torque is positive whilst

speed is negative. Considering the power
conversion equation

it can be seen that if the power converted is negative (from P = τ ω) then the airgap
power is positive. i.e. the power is flowing from the stator to the rotor and also into
the rotor from the mechanical system.
This operation is also called plugging.
This mode of operation can be used to quickly stop a machine.
If a motor is travelling forwards it can be stopped by interchanging the connections
to two of the three phases.
Switching two phases has the result of changing the direction of motion of the
stator magnetic field, effectively putting the machine into braking mode in the
opposite direction.
• Motoring 0 < nm s< n, 1 > s > 0 Torque and motion are in the same
direction. This is the most common mode of operation.

• Generating, nm s > n, s < 0 In this mode, again torque is positive

whilst speed is negative.

• However, unlike plugging, indicates that if the power converted

is negative, so is the air gap power. In this case, power flows
from the mechanical system, to the rotor circuit, then across the
air gap to the stator circuit and external electrical system.
Starting torque – Torque at zero speed – Typically 1.5 times the full-load torque •

Pull-up torque – The minimum torque developed by the motor while accelerating
from zero speed – Greater than full-load torque; less than starting torque •

Breakdown torque – The maximum torque that the motor can develop – Typically
2.5 times the full-load torque •

Normal operation – At full-load, the motor runs at n rpm – Rotor speed decreases
slightly from synchronous speed with increasing load torque – Motor will stall
when the load torque exceeds the breakdown torque
Speed Control
 Single-phase Induction Motor
it.

• The winding used normally in the stator of the single-phase

induction motor (IM) is a distributed one.
• The rotor is of squirrel cage type, which is a cheap one, as the
rating of this type of motor is low, unlike that for a three-phase IM.
• As the stator winding is fed from a single-phase supply, the flux in
the air gap is alternating only (pulsating), not a synchronously
rotating one produced by a poly-phase (may be two- or three-)
winding in the stator of IM.
• This type of alternating field cannot produce a torque (), if
 Operation of single phase induction motor can be explained
with Double field revolving theory

A sinusoidally varying flux (φ) is the sum of two

rotating fluxes or fields, the magnitude of which is
equal to half the value of the alternating flux
(φ/2), and both the fluxes rotating synchronously
at the speed, (ns=2f/P) in opposite directions.
Mathematically, the mmf, which is distributed sinusoidally in
space, with its peak value pulsating with time, is described as
Thus fur forward rotating flux, slip is s (less than unity)
and for backward rotating flux, the slip is 2 − s (greater
than unity).
Since for usual rotor resistance/ reactance ratios, the
torques at slips of less than unity arc greater than those
at slips of more than unity, the resultant torque will be
in the direction of the rotation of the forward flux.
Thus if the motor is once started, it will develop net
torque in the direction in which it has been started and
will function as a motor.
(i) Split-phase motors-started by two phase motor action through the use of an
auxiliary or starting winding.
(ii) Capacitor start motors-started by two-phase motor action through the use of an
auxiliary winding and a capacitor.
(iii) Capacitor start Capacitor run motors-started by two-phase motor action through
the use of an auxiliary winding and two capacitors.

Split-phase induction motors

The stator of a split-phase induction motor is provided with an auxiliary or

starting winding S in addition to the main or running winding M. The starting
winding is located 90° electrical from the main winding and the picture of
split phase induction motor [
 Operation of Split phase motor

• (i) When the two stator windings are energized from a single-phase supply, the main winding

carries current Im while the starting winding carries current Is.

• (ii) Since main winding is made highly inductive while the starting winding highly resistive, the

currents Im and Is have a reasonable phase angle a (25° to 30°) between them. Consequently,

a weak revolving field approximating to that of a 2-phase machine is produced which starts

the motor.

• (iii) When the motor reaches about 80% of synchronous speed, the centrifugal switch opens

the circuit of the starting winding. The motor then operates as a single-phase induction

motor and continues to accelerate till it reaches the normal speed. The normal speed of the

motor is below the synchronous speed and depends upon the load on the motor.
 Characteristics of split phase machine

• (i) The sinning torque is 2 times the full-loud torque mid (lie starting current is 6 to 8 times the full-load

current.

• (ii) Due to their low cost, split-phase induction motors are most popular single phase motors in the market.

• (iii) Since the starting winding is made of fine wire, the current density is high and the winding heats up

quickly. If the starting period exceeds 5 seconds, the winding may burn out unless the motor is protected

by built-in-thermal relay. This motor is, therefore, suitable where starting periods are not frequent.

• (iv) An important characteristic of these motors is that they are essentially constant-speed motors. The

speed variation is 2-5% from no-load to full load.

• (v) These motors are suitable where a moderate starting torque is required and where starting periods are

infrequent e.g., to drive:

• (a) fans (b) washing machines (c) oil burners (d) small machine tools etc.

• The power rating of such motors generally lies between 60 W and 250 W.
Capacitor-start Motor
 Capacitor-start Motor

• The capacitor-start motor is identical to a split-phase motor except that the starting winding has as many

turns as the main winding. Moreover, a capacitor C (3-20 μF) is connected in series with the starting

winding as shown in Figure. The value of capacitor is so chosen that Is leads Im by about 80° which is

considerably greater than 25° found in split-phase motor . Figure in above slide shows typical torque speed

characteristic

• Operation

• (i) When the two stator windings are energized from a single-phase supply, the main winding carries

current Im while the starting winding carries current Is.

• (ii) Due to cap acitance the currents Im and Is have a reasonable phase angle a (80°) between them.

• (iii) When starting torque is much more than that of a split-phase motor Again, the starting winding is

opened by the centrifugal switch when the motor attains about 80% of synchronous speed. The motor

then operates as a single-phase induction motor and continues to accelerate till it reaches the normal

speed
 Capacitor start Capacitor run induction motors

• This motor is identical to a capacitor-start motor except that starting winding is not opened

after starting so that both the windings remain connected to the supply when running as well

as at starting. Two designs are generally used.

• This design eliminates the need of a centrifugal switch and at the same time improves the

power factor and efficiency of the motor. In the other design, two capacitors C1 and C2 are

used in the starting winding as shown in Figure . The value of capacitor is so chosen that Is

leads Im by about 80° [See Figure . The smaller capacitor C1 required for optimum running

conditions is permanently connected in series with the starting winding. The much larger

capacitor C2 is connected in parallel with C1 for optimum starting and remains in the circuit

during starting. The starting capacitor C2 is disconnected when the motor approaches about

80% of synchronous speed. The motor then runs as two-phase induction motor.
 Operation

• (i) When the two stator windings are energized from a

single-phase supply, the main winding carries current
Im while the starting winding carries current Is.
• (ii) Due to capacitance C1 the currents Im and Is have a
reasonable phase angle a (80°) between them.
• (iii) When The starting capacitor C2 is disconnected
when the motor approaches about 80% of synchronous
speed. The motor then runs as two-phase induction
motor.