THREE-DIMENSIONAL KINEMATICS ANALYSIS OF BLIND FOOTBALL

KICKING

TOBI ABDUL RIJAL

1604619001
 ABSTRACT
 The abstract purpose of this study is to identify important technical points that lead to an
increase in ball speed in maximal leg kicks without exercising in blind football. All
participants wear a blindfold to completely erase visual information and perform a static
kick. Our results showed that the speed of the ball, the maximum linear speed of a
kicking-side thigh, and the maximum Angle speed for the player group that looks much
larger than that of the visually impaired player group.
 INTRODUCTION
THE INTRODUCTION OF A BLIND BALL, THE FORMAL PARALYTIC EVENT PLAYED
BY A BLIND PLAYER, HAS THE SAME RULES AS FOOTBALL. WHEN A PK OCCURS,
BLIND FOOTBALL PLAYERS OFTEN DO MAXIMUM FOOT KICKS WITHOUT
HEATING, KNOWN AS THE STATIC KICK. THIS KICKING MOTION SEEMS TO
CONTRIBUTE TO THE IMPACT OF THE BALL ACCURATELY, BECAUSE IF THE
PLAYER'S DISTANCE TO THE BALL IS TOO LARGE, THE PLAYER COULD MISSPOT
THE BALL. OPAVSKY COMPARED THE STATIC KINEMATIC WITH THE KICK
RUNNING AT VISIBLE PARTICIPANTS AND FINDING THE LINEAR SPEED AND
ANGLE ON KICK FEET.
 Methods
 Participants
 We recruited 14 participants. Six visually impaired male players and eight visionary male
players volunteered to participate. None of the participants suffered deficits in other
sensory systems, neurological disorders, or musculoskeletal diseases. The three players
who are blind have athletic experience as members of Japan's national blind football
team. In the months before the trial, all visible players were asked to thoroughly practice a
static kick while wearing a blindfold to wipe out visual information.
 Data Collection
 Data collection takes place in the lab. Those measurements were level floors, not artificial
areas. All participants wear a blindfold to completely erase visual information. After
sufficient warming, all participants are asked to do a Max - imal static kick against the
goal center.
 Data Analysis
 We call the motion phase between and the backstroke phase, and the between phase and
the swing phase forward. The data coordinates from up to contact came through the
butterworth digital filter with the optimal frequency of the piece, determined by a residual
error method proposed by winter, range from 7.5 to 27.5 hz.
 3D kinematicsX
 axis was defined as the cross product of Y and Z. All local coordinate system vectors were
normalised to unit length. Angular velocity of each segment was computed from the
respective angular velo-cities about the X, Y, and Z axes.
 Calculation of the standard motion model and motion variability
 The standard motion model and motion variability of the static kick were determined
using the method by Ae et al. .Equation : rmsCVk ¼
 Statistical analysis
 Data of the visually impaired player group and the sighted player group were
 compared using the Mann–Whitney test. The variables used were maximum linear
 Maximum linear and angular velocities
 Kinematics data, comprising maximum linear and angular velocities of the kicking leg
and ball speed in all participants, are shown in Table 1.
 Motion variability in the standard motion modelable
 rmsCV for the 15 segments around the three axes in the forward-swing and back-swing
phases is shown in Figure 1. Figure 2 shows the histogram; the horizontal axis of the
graph indicates the value of rmsCV, and the vertical axis shows frequency . We
considered 25 rmsCV as small because in the range of 0 to 25, the frequency ranged only
from 1 to 3
 Kinematic pattern
 A typical proximal-to-distal sequential pattern of segment angular velocity of the lower
torso, kicking-side thigh, and kicking-side shank was observed in the standard motion
model . The thigh reached peak forward-swing angular velocity at 80% time. The shank
increased forward angular velocity from 65% time to CONTACT. The shank reached peak
forward-swing angular velocity at CONTACT.
 Standard motion model of the static kick
 Our results showed that average ball speed and average maximum foot liner and shank
angular velocities of the sighted player group were 20.0 0.8 m/s, 15.5 0.8 m/s, and 1.6
rad/s, respectively, significantly greater than those of the visually impaired player
group. proposed a biomechanical method to identify critical technical points using
variability of motion patterns in, for example, the high jump performed by elite high
jumpers. Their data indicated that the proximal segments are more important and critical
than the distal segments because CVs of the distal segments tended to be greater than those
of the proximal segments. Our result for the variability of motion patterns during the back-
swing and forward-swing phases in the sighted player group showed that the upper torso
about the X axis during the back-swing phase, the lower torso about Y axis during both
phases, and support-side shank and kicking-side thigh about the X axis during both phases
had remarkably small rmsCV, whereas the rmsCV of the upper limbs about all axes were
large.
 Kinematic differences between the standard motion model and blind football players
 Because the number of participants in this study was low , and the skill level of the static kick
varied between each individual visually impaired player , we recognise that it is not possible
to make broad generalisations from an average of time series data for joint angles in the
visually impaired participants. Accordingly, we attempted to establish the standard motion
model from the data obtained from the eight sighted, but blindfolded skilled football
players. We needed to investigate that the standard motion model would be a good model for
an actual blind football player because there are no comparable detailed data on a kinematic
pattern of the static kick for a blind football player in previous studies. Therefore, we
compared the standard motion model with the visually impaired participants on the hypothesis
that the static kick motion of a highly skilled blind football player would be similar to the
standard motion model and vice versa for an ordinary player.
THERE MAY BE LIMITATIONS TO REGARDING THE KICKING MOTION OF A
SIGHTED FOOTBALL PLAYER WEARING A BLINDFOLD AS EQUIVALENT TO THAT
OF AN ACTUAL BLIND FOOTBALL PLAYER. IN ADDITION, THE SIGHTED PLAYER
PARTICIPANTS HAD THOROUGHLY PRACTISED THE STATIC KICK FOR A MONTH
BEFORE THE EXPERIMENT. THEREFORE, WE BELIEVE THAT THESE
SUGGESTIONS BASED ON THE STANDARD MOTION MODEL DATA CAN APPLY TO
EVALUATING THE VISUALLY IMPAIRED PLAYERS. ALL CHANGE PATTERNS OF
TORSO ROTATION ANGLES AND KICKING-SIDE AND SUPPORT-SIDE LEG JOINT
ANGLES FOR THE ORDINARY PLAYER DEVIATED FURTHER FROM THE
STANDARD MOTION MODEL THAN FOR THE HIGHLY SKILLED PLAYER.
 Conclusion
 addition, a stable posture of the lower torso on the frontal plane during the forward-swing
phase was also important to increase the precision of the foot contact position on the ball.
 Disclosure statement
 No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).
 Funding
 This work was supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number JP16K16514.