OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS

Why do we study them at this point???

1. OpAmps are very useful electronic components

2. We have already the tools to analyze practical circuits
using OpAmps
3. The linear models for OpAmps include dependent sources

TYPICAL DEVICE USING OP-AMPS

 LM324 DIP

LMC6294

MAX4240

OP-AMP ASSEMBLED ON PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARD APEX PA03

DIMENSIONAL DIAGRAM LM 324

PIN OUT FOR LM324

 CIRCUIT SYMBOL FOR AN OP-AMP SHOWING POWER SUPPLIES

LINEAR MODEL OUTPUT RESISTANCE

INPUT RESISTANCE

TYPICAL VALUES

Ri : 105   1012 
RO : 1  50
GAIN
5 7
A : 10  10
CIRCUIT WITH OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER
LOAD
OP-AMP

DRIVING CIRCUIT
 TRANSFER PLOTS FOR SOME COMERCIAL OP-AMPS

SATURATION
LINEAR REGION
REGION

OP-AMP IN SATURATION
IDENTIFY SATURATION REGIONS
CIRCUIT AND MODEL FOR UNITY GAIN
BUFFER

WHY UNIT GAIN BUFFER?

KVL :  Vs  Ri I  RO I  AOVin  0
PERFORMANCE OF REAL OP-AMPS
Op-Amp BUFFER GAIN KVL : - Vout  RO I  AOVin  0
LM324 0.99999
LMC6492 0.9998 CONTROLLING VARIABLE : Vin  Ri I
MAX4240 0.99995 SOLVING
Vout 1
BUFFER 
GAIN Vs 1  Ri
RO  AO Ri
V
AO    out  1
VS
 THE IDEAL OP-AMP

IDEAL  RO  0, Ri  , A  
RO  0  vO  A(v  v )
Ri   
i
i A
THE UNITY GAIN BUFFER – IDEAL OP-AMP ASSUMPTION

v  v s
vOUT  v S

v  v vOUT
vOUT  1
vOUT  v  vS

USING LINEAR (NON-IDEAL) OP-AMP MODEL WE OBTAINED

Vout 1 PERFORMANCE OF REAL OP-AMPS

Vs Ri Op-Amp BUFFER GAIN
1 LM324 0.99999
RO  AO Ri LMC6492 0.9998
MAX4240 0.99995

IDEAL OP-AMP ASSUMPTION YIELDS EXCELLENT APPROXIMATION!

WHY USE THE VOLTAGE FOLLOWER OR UNITY GAIN BUFFER?
THE VOLTAGE FOLLOWER ACTS AS
v  v s vO  v S BUFFER AMPLIFIER

v  v THE VOLTAGE FOLLOWER ISOLATES ONE

CIRCUIT FROM ANOTHER
vO  v  ESPECIALLY USEFUL IF THE SOURCE HAS
VERY LITTLE POWER

CONNECTION WITHOUT BUFFER CONNECTION WITH BUFFER

vO  v S
THE SOURCE SUPPLIES NO POWER
THE SOURCE SUPPLIES POWER
LEARNING EXAMPLE Vout
DETERMINE THE GAIN G 
Vs
APPLY KCL @ v -
Vs  0 Vout  0
 0
R1 R2
v  0

Vout R i  0
G  2
Vs R1
v  0

Ao    v   v   v  0
Ri    i  i  0
 LEARNING EXAMPLE: DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER

THINK NODES!

OUTPUT CURRENT IS NOT KNOWN

THE OP-AMP IS DEFINED BY ITS 3 NODES. HENCE IT NEEDS 3 EQUATIONS

KCL AT V_ AND V+ YIELD TWO EQUATIONS

(INFINITE INPUT RESISTANCE IMPLIES THAT i-, i+ ARE KNOWN)
DON’T USE KCL AT OUTPUT NODE. GET THIRD EQUATION FROM INFINITE
GAIN ASSUMPTION (v+ = v-)
 LEARNING EXAMPLE: DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER

IDEAL OP-AMP CONDITIONS

NODES @ INVERTING TERMINAL

R4 R4
i  0  v   v2  v  v2
NODES @ NON INVERTING TERMINAL
R3  R4 R3  R4
 R  R R  R  
vO  1  2 v  2 v1  2  1  1 v  v1 
 R1  R1 R1   R2  

R2
R4  R2 , R3  R1  vO  (v2  v1 )
R1
LEARNING EXAMPLE: USE IDEAL OP-AMP

v 1 FIND vO
vo1 v 1  v m 1
v 1 v 2  v m 2
vm1 FINISH WITH INPUT NODE EQUATIONS…
USE INFINTE GAIN ASSUMPTION
v 1  v 1 v 2  v 2
v 2
 v m 1  v1 vm 2  v2
vo 2
v 2 USE REMAINING NODE EQUATIONS
v1  v 01 v1  v 2 v1  v o 2
@ vm1 :   00
vm 2 R2 RG R1
v 2  v o 2 v 2  v1 v 2
@ vm 2 :   00
R1 RG R2
ONLY UNKWONS ARE OUTPUT NODE VOLTAGES
6 NODE EQUATIONS + 2 IDEAL OP-AMP
SOLVE FOR REQUIRED VARIABLE v o  v o 1
v 1  v 1
v 2  v 2
 LEARNING EXTENSION FIND IO . ASSUME IDEAL OP - AMP

v  12V

AO    v  12V

v  12V
Ri    i  0

12  Vo 12
KCL@ v :   0  Vo  84V
12k 2k
V
 I O  o  8.4mA
10k
LEARNING EXTENSION
NONINVERTING AMPLIFIER - IDEAL OP-AMP v0
v
vo R 2
v_

v  vi
i  0 R 1

“inverse voltage divider”

SET VOLTAGE v  vi R1 R1  R2
vi  v0  v0  vi
v  vi  v  vi R1  R2 R1
INFINITE GAIN ASSUMPTION

INFINITE INPUT RESISTANCE

LEARNING EXAMPLE UNDER IDEAL CONDITIONS BOTH CIRCUITS SATISFY
VO  8V1  4V2
If 1V  V1  2V , 2V  V2  3V DETERMINE IF BOTH IMPLEMENTATIONS PRODUCE THE
dc supplis are  10V FULL RANGE FOR THE OUTPUT

VX  2V1  V2
1V  V1  2V , 2V  V2  3V  1V  VX  2V VX OK!
VO  4VX
1V  VX  2V  4V  VO  8V VO OK !

VY  8V1
1V  V1  2V  16V  VY  8V
EXCEEDS SUPPLY VALUE.
THIS OP-AMP SATURATES!

POOR IMPLEMENTATION