The Anatomy, Physiology, and Pathophysiology of Muscular System

The Anatomy, Physiology, and
Pathophysiology of Muscular System

Didik Setiawan, Ph.D., Apt
Fakultas Farmasi UMP Fakultas Farmasi UMP Fakultas Farmasi UMP Fakultas Farmasi UMP
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Lecture Description
• Type, function, and properties of muscular tissue

• Microscopic anatomy of a skeletal muscle fiber
• Contraction and relaxation of skeletal muscle fiber
• Muscle metabolism
• Muscular Disorder
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Types of Muscular tissue
Types of
muscular Skeletal Cardiac Smooth
tissue
microscopic striated striated Non-striated
Works manner Voluntary Involuntary Involuntary
example Skeletal muscle Cardio GI tract
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Function of Muscular tissue
Producing body movement Stabilizing body Structures
Storing and moving substances

Generating heat
within the body
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Properties of muscular tissue
Electrical • Autorhytmic electrical signal (heart’s pacemaker)

• Chemical stimuli (Neurotransmitter)
excitability
contractility • Ability to contract when stimulated by an action potential
extensibility • Ability to stretch without being damage
• The ability to return to it’s original length and shape after contraction and
Elasticity extensions
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Microscopic anatomy of a skeletal
muscle fiber
Remember cellular anatomy and it’s function
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Component of muscle fiber
(the anatomy)
Sarcolemma • Plasma membrane
Transverse • Tunnel in from d surface toward the

(T) tubule center of each muscle fiber
• Cytoplasm of a muscle fiber

sarcoplasm
• Includes amount of glycogen  ATP
Myoglobin • Binds O2 from interstitial fluid
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Component of muscle fiber (the anatomy)
• Contractile organelles of skeletal muscle

myofibril • Ø 2µm, extend the entire length of muscle
fiber
• Encircle each myofibril

Sarcoplasmic • Similar to smooth RE
reticulum • Release Ca2+ triggers muscle contraction
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Myofibril
• Thin filament Ø 8nm

filament • Thick filament Ø 16nm
• Basic functional unit of

sarcomere myofibril
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Skeletal Muscle fiber protein
The Anatomy
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Contractile protein
Myosin
• Thick filament
• Consist of a tail and two myosin heads
actin
• Thin filament
• There is Myosin binding site
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Regulatory protein
troponin
• Ca2+ binding site
• Undergoes a change in shape of thin filament
tropomyosin
• When relaxed, tropomyosin covers the myosin-
binding site on actin molecule
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Structural protein
function
Protein that keep the thick and thin filament of
the myofibril in proper alligment,
Give the myofibril elasticity and extensibility
Link the myofibril to the sarcolemma and

extracellular matrix
Titin, α-actinin, myomesin, nebulin, dystrophin
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Contraction and relaxation
of skeletal muscle fiber
The Sliding Filament Mechanism (The Physiology)
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The contraction cycle
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ousflrOzQHc
Need ATP and high concentration of Ca2+
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Initiation of contraction
Sebelum terjadi kontraksi, R Sarcoplasmic melepaskan Ca 2+

ke sitosol
Ca2+ ditangkap/diikat oleh troponin
Troponin merubah posisi tropomyosin sehingga myosin-

binding site terbuka  kontraksi
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1. ATP hydrolysis
• Pada Kepala myosin terdapat ATP-binding site dan

ATP-ase
• Hidrolisis ATP menjadi ADP+P menyebabkan kepala
myosin mengalami reorientasi dan mendapat energi
• (ADP+P masih menempel di kepala myosin)
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actin to form crossbridges
2. Attachment of myosin to
• Kepala myosin yg telah diberi energi menempel

pada actin di bagian myosin binding site
• Myosin melepaskan gugus fosfat hasil hidrolisis
ATP
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• Tempat pengikatan ADP pada crossbridge terbuka  ADP
3. Power Stroke
dilepaskan
• crossbridges berputar dan menghasilkan tenaga menuju pusat
dari sarcomere
• Meluncurkan thin filament melewati thick filament menuju M
line
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4. Detachment of
myosin to actin
• Ketika terdapat ATP, dan mengikat

kepala myosin, maka crossbridge lepas
• Thin filament kembali ke tempat asal.
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Review
Continous
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Neuromuscular junction
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Complete Review
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Muscle metabolism
Production of ATP in Muscle Fibers
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Function of ATP in muscular cells
Power the contraction cycle
Pump Ca2+ into the sarcoplasmic reticulum
For other metabolic reactions involved in

muscle contraction
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• However, the ATP present inside muscle fiber is enough to power
contraction for only a few seconds
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Three ways to produce ATP
Creatine Anaerob Cellular Aerob Cellular

phosphate Resp Resp
15 s 30-40s >10m
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Creatine phosphate
Contraction  ADP level increase
C-Kinase catalyzes creatinine phosphate 

transfer P to ADP
This phosphorilation regenerates new ATP
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cellular respiration
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Extra information
Fatigue
Oxygen Consumption after exercise
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Muscle fatigue
The inability of a muscle to maintain force of contraction

after prolonged activity
Caused by
• Inadequate release of Ca2+ from SR
• Depletion of creatine phosphate
• Insufficient O2
• Depletion of glycogen and other nutrition
• Build up of lactic acid and ADP
• Failure AP in the motor neuron to release enough ACh
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Oxygen consumption after exercise
To convert lactic acid back into glycogen stores in

the liver
To resynthesize creatine phosphate and ATP in
muscle fibers
To replace the oxygen removed from myoglobin
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Pathophysiology of Muscular Cell and
Tissue
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Muscular Dystrophy
• Autosomal recessive disorder causing degeneration of
skeletal muscle
• Signs/Symptoms in boys
– Dystrophin deficit, and replacement of skeletal muscle by fat
and fibrous connective tissues
• Diagnostic Tests
– Genetic abnormalities, elevated creatine kinase levels, EMG,
muscle biopsy, blood test
• Treatment
– No curative treatment, only supportive treatment - moderate
exercise, PT/OT, massage, assistive device, or ventilator
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Discussion
Didik Setiawan, Ph.D., Apt
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The Anatomy, Physiology, and

Pathophysiology of Muscular System

• Type, function, and properties of muscular tissue

Works manner Voluntary Involuntary Involuntary

example Skeletal muscle Cardio GI tract

Producing body movement Stabilizing body Structures

Storing and moving substances

Electrical • Autorhytmic electrical signal (heart’s pacemaker)

contractility • Ability to contract when stimulated by an action potential

extensibility • Ability to stretch without being damage

Sarcolemma • Plasma membrane

Transverse • Tunnel in from d surface toward the

• Cytoplasm of a muscle fiber

Myoglobin • Binds O2 from interstitial fluid

• Contractile organelles of skeletal muscle

• Encircle each myofibril

• Thin filament Ø 8nm

• Basic functional unit of

Give the myofibril elasticity and extensibility

Link the myofibril to the sarcolemma and

Titin, α-actinin, myomesin, nebulin, dystrophin

Sebelum terjadi kontraksi, R Sarcoplasmic melepaskan Ca 2+

Ca2+ ditangkap/diikat oleh troponin

Troponin merubah posisi tropomyosin sehingga myosin-

• Pada Kepala myosin terdapat ATP-binding site dan

• Kepala myosin yg telah diberi energi menempel

• Ketika terdapat ATP, dan mengikat

Power the contraction cycle

Pump Ca2+ into the sarcoplasmic reticulum

For other metabolic reactions involved in

Creatine Anaerob Cellular Aerob Cellular

Contraction  ADP level increase

C-Kinase catalyzes creatinine phosphate 

This phosphorilation regenerates new ATP

The inability of a muscle to maintain force of contraction

To convert lactic acid back into glycogen stores in

To replace the oxygen removed from myoglobin

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