Calculus Week 2

Function
WEEK -2
Zafar Iqbal Khan 3 Calculus & Analytical Geometry
A composite function is a function that depends on another function.
For example, f(g(x)) is the composite function that is formed when g(x) is
substituted for x in f(x). f(g(x)) is read as “f of g of x”.
f(g(x)) can also be written as (f ο g)(x) or fg(x), In the composition (f ο g)(x),

the domain of f becomes g(x).

(g o f )(–2) = g( f(–2)) = g(–1) = 3
(g o f )(–1) = g( f(–1)) = g(–3) = –2
(g o f )(0) = g( f(0)) = g(–2) = 0
(g o f )(1) = g( f(1)) = g(0) = 2
(g o f )(2) = g( f(2)) = g(2) = –3
(g o f )(3) = g( f(3)) = g(3) = 1

Given f(x) = 2x + 3 and g(x) = –x2 + 5, find (g o f )(1).
(g o f )(1) = g( f (1))
= g(2( ) + 3) ... setting up to insert the original input
= g(2(1) + 3)
= g(2 + 3)
= g(5)
= –( )2 + 5 ... setting up to insert the new input
= –(5)2 + 5
= –25 + 5 = –20
Given f(x) = 2x + 3 and g(x) = –x2 + 5, find ( f o g)(1).

( f o g)(1) = f (g(1))
= f (–( )2 + 5) ... setting up to insert the original input
= f (–(1)2 + 5)
= f (–1 + 5)
= f (4)
= 2( ) + 3 ... setting up to insert the new input
= 2(4) + 3
= 8 + 3 = 11
Given f(x) = 2x + 3 and g(x) = –x2 + 5, find ( f o f )(1).
( f o f )(1) = f ( f (1))
= f (2( ) + 3) ... setting up to insert the original input
= f (2(1) + 3)
= f (2 + 3)
= f (5)
= 2( ) + 3 ... setting up to insert the new input
= 2(5) + 3
= 10 + 3 = 13
Given f(x) = 2x + 3 and g(x) = –x2 + 5, find (g o g)(1).

(g o g)(1) = g(g(1))
= g(–( )2 + 5) ... setting up to insert the original input
= g(–(1)2 + 5)
= g(–1 + 5)
= g(4)
= –( )2 + 5 ... setting up to insert the new input
= –(4)2 + 5
= –16 + 5 = –11
Given f(x) = 2x + 3 and g(x) = –x2 + 5, find ( f o g)(x).
( f o g)(x) = f (g(x))
= f (–x2 + 5)
= 2( ) + 3 ... setting up to insert the input formula
= 2(–x2 + 5) + 3
= –2x2 + 10 + 3
= –2x2 + 13
If you plug in "1" for the x in the above, you will get ( f o g)(1) = –2(1)2 + 13 = –2
+ 13 = 11,
Given f(x) = 2x + 3 and g(x) = –x2 + 5, find (g o f )(x).

(g o f )(x) = g( f(x))
= g(2x + 3)
= –( )2 + 5 ... setting up to insert the input
= –(2x + 3)2 + 5
= –(4x2 + 12x + 9) + 5
= –4x2 – 12x – 9 + 5
= –4x2 – 12x – 4

Given f(x) = 2x + 3 and g(x) = –x2 + 5, find ( f o f )(x).
( f o f )(x) = f ( f (x))
= f (2x + 3)
= 2( ) + 3 ... setting up to insert the input
= 2(2x + 3) + 3 = 4x + 6 + 3 = 4x + 9
Given f(x) = 2x + 3 and g(x) = –x2 + 5, find (g o g)(x).

(g o g)(x) = g(g(x))
= –( )2 + 5 ... setting up to insert the input
= –(–x2 + 5)2 + 5
= –(x4 – 10x2 + 25) + 5
= –x4 + 10x2 – 25 + 5
= –x4 + 10x2 – 20
Given f (x) = sqrt(x) and g(x) = x – 2, find the domains of ( f o g)(x) and (g o f )(x).

( f o g)(x) = f (g(x))
= f (x – 2)
= sqrt( )
= sqrt(x – 2) the domain of ( f o g)(x) is "all x > 2".
Now to do the other composition:
(g o f )(x) = g( f (x)) the domain of (g o f )(x) is "all x > 0".
= g( sqrt(x) )
= ( ) – 2
= ( sqrt(x) ) – 2
= sqrt(x) – 2
Given h(x) = (x + 1)2 + 2(x + 1) – 3, determine two functions f (x) and g(x) which,

when composed, generate h(x).
( f o g)(x) = f (g(x))
= f (x + 1)
= ( )2 + 2( ) – 3
= (x + 1)2 + 2(x + 1) – 3
Then h(x) may be stated as the composition of f (x) = x2 + 2x – 3 and g(x) = x + 1.

f(x) • g(x) = g(x) • f(x) [always true for multiplication]
...you cannot say that:
( f o g)(x) = (g o f )(x) [generally false for composition]

1. Given f(x) = x2 + 6 and g(x) = 2x – 1, Find
a) (f ο g)(x)
b) (g ο f)(x)
2. f(x) = x2 + x and g(x) = 4 - x

Find
(a) (f ο g)(x)
(b) (g ο f)(x)
3. f(x) = 2x4 + x4 + 1, g(x) = √x

Find
f(g(x))

Given f(x) = x2 + 6 and g(x) = 2x – 1, find
a) (f ο g)(x) 2. f(x) = x2 + x and g(x) = 4 – x, Find
b) (g ο f)(x) (a) (f ο g)(x)
(b) (g ο f)(x)
Solution:
a) (f ο g)(x)
= f(2x – 1)
= (2x – 1)2 + 6
= 4x2 – 4x + 1 + 6
= 4x2 – 4x + 7
b) (g ο f)(x)
= g(x2 + 6)
= 2(x2 + 6) – 1
= 2x2 + 12 – 1
= 2x2 + 11
Remember the rules:
• The sum of two even functions is even
• The sum of two odd functions is odd
• The sum of an even and odd function is neither even nor odd (unless one function
is zero).

f(x) = -3x5 + 2x
g(x) = 7x2 − 5
h(x) = -2x4 − 3x2
Which of the following is odd?

A f(x)g(x) + h(x) B f(x)h(x) + g(x) C g(x)h(x) + f(x) D f(x)g(x)h(x)
 f(x)g(x) + h(x) = odd × even + even = odd + even = neither even nor odd.
 f(x)h(x) + g(x) = odd × even + even = odd + even = neither even nor odd.
 g(x)h(x) + f(x) = even × even + odd = even + odd = neither even nor odd.
 f(x)g(x)h(x) = (odd × even) × even = odd × even = odd
Which one of the following functions is odd?

A f(x) = 3x4 - 4x3 B g(x) = 5x4 + 3x2 C h(x) = 6x5 - x3 D k(x) = x6 + 8x2
 Answer A is the sum of an even and an odd function, so is neither even nor odd.
 Answers B and D are the sum of two even functions, so are even.
 Only answer C is the sum of two odd functions, so is odd.
f(x) = x2 + 1
g(x) = x3 - 3x
h(x) = x4 - 4x2
Which of the following products is even?

A f(x)g(x) B g(x)h(x) C f(x)h(x) D f(x)g(x)h(x)
 f(x)g(x) is the product of an even function and an odd function, so is odd.
 g(x)h(x) is the product of an odd function and an even function, so is odd.
 f(x)h(x) is the product of two even functions, so is even.
 f(x)g(x)h(x) is the product of f(x)g(x) and h(x), so is the product of an odd
function and an even function, so is odd.
Which one of the following functions is even?

A f(x) = x4 + x3 B g(x) = x4 + x2 C h(x) = x5 + x3 D k(x) = x3 + x
 Answer A is the sum of an even and an odd function, so is neither even nor odd.
 Answers C and D are the sum of two odd functions, so are odd.
 Only answer B is the sum of two even functions, so is even.
Zafar Iqbal Khan 56 Calculus & Analytical

f(x) = x2 + 1
g(x) = x3 - 3x
h(x) = 3x5 + 2x3
Which of the following products is odd?

A f(x)g(x) B g(x)h(x) C [f(x)]2 D f(x)g(x)h(x)
 f(x)g(x) is the product of an even function and an odd function, so is odd.

 g(x)h(x) is the product of an odd function and an odd function, so is even.
 [f(x)]2 is the product of an even function and an even function, so is even.
 f(x)g(x)h(x) is the product of f(x)g(x) and h(x), so is the product of an odd
function and an odd function, so is even.
f(x) = -3x5 + 2x
g(x) = 2x3 − 7x
h(x) = 5x4 − 2
Which of the following is odd?

A f(x) + g(x) B f(x) + h(x) C g(x) + h(x) D f(x) + g(x) + h(x)

 f(x) + g(x) + h(x) = (odd + odd) + even = odd + even = neither even nor odd
 f(x)h(x) + g(x) = odd × even + odd = odd + odd = odd
 f(x)g(x) + h(x) = odd × odd + even = even + even = even
 g(x)h(x) + f(x) = odd × even + odd = odd + odd = odd

Inverse Functions

Inverse Functions


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Function

f(g(x)) can also be written as (f ο g)(x) or fg(x), In the composition (f ο g)(x),

Zafar Iqbal Khan 40 Calculus & Analytical Geometry

Zafar Iqbal Khan 41 Calculus & Analytical Geometry

Given f(x) = 2x + 3 and g(x) = –x2 + 5, find ( f o g)(1).

Given f(x) = 2x + 3 and g(x) = –x2 + 5, find (g o g)(1).

Given f(x) = 2x + 3 and g(x) = –x2 + 5, find (g o f )(x).

Zafar Iqbal Khan 45 Calculus & Analytical Geometry

Given f(x) = 2x + 3 and g(x) = –x2 + 5, find (g o g)(x).

Given f (x) = sqrt(x) and g(x) = x – 2, find the domains of ( f o g)(x) and (g o f )(x).

Given h(x) = (x + 1)2 + 2(x + 1) – 3, determine two functions f (x) and g(x) which,

Then h(x) may be stated as the composition of f (x) = x2 + 2x – 3 and g(x) = x + 1.

Zafar Iqbal Khan 47 Calculus & Analytical Geometry

...you cannot say that:

( f o g)(x) = (g o f )(x) [generally false for composition]

Zafar Iqbal Khan 48 Calculus & Analytical Geometry

2. f(x) = x2 + x and g(x) = 4 - x

3. f(x) = 2x4 + x4 + 1, g(x) = √x

Zafar Iqbal Khan 49 Calculus & Analytical Geometry

Zafar Iqbal Khan 54 Calculus & Analytical Geometry

Which of the following is odd?

Which one of the following functions is odd?

Which of the following products is even?

Which one of the following functions is even?

Zafar Iqbal Khan 56 Calculus & Analytical

Which of the following products is odd?

 f(x)g(x) is the product of an even function and an odd function, so is odd.

Which of the following is odd?

Zafar Iqbal Khan 57 Calculus & Analytical Geometry

Zafar Iqbal Khan 58 Calculus & Analytical Geometry

Zafar Iqbal Khan 59 Calculus & Analytical Geometry

Zafar Iqbal Khan 60 Calculus & Analytical Geometry

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