Basic

1-1

Mathematics

Basic
Chapter 1
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Mathematics
Learning Objectives

After completing this chapter, you will be able to:

LO 1. Perform arithmetic operations in their proper order

LO 2. Convert fractions to their percent and decimal
equivalents
LO 3. Maintain the proper number of digits in calculations

LO 4. Solve for any one of percent rate, portion, or

base, given the other two quantities

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Mathematics
Learning Objectives

Calculate the…

LO 5. Gross earnings of salaried, hourly wage, or

commission employees

LO 6. Simple average or weighted average (as

appropriate) of a set of values, and

LO 7. Perform basic calculations of the Goods and

Services Tax, Provincial Sales Tax, and
Property Tax

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Mathematics

LO 1.

rithmetic

perations

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Mathematics
Brackets ( )
Exponents 22 -or 2 x 2
Division -or /
Multiplication 4(2 - 5) -or 4 x (2 - 5)
-or 4*(2 - 5)
Addition +
Subtraction –

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Mathematics How do we evaluate (solve) the following

problem? xpr e s s i on’!
Kno wn as an‘E

72 (3 x 22) – 6

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Mathematics 72 (3 x 22) - 6
B 72 (3 x 22) - 6
E = 72 (3 x 2 x 2) - 6
D
M
= 72 12 -6
A = 72 12 -6
S = 6 - 6
== 00

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Mathematics

LO 2.

Converting
Converting
Decimals to Percents

Percents to Decimals

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Converting
Converting 1-9

Mathematics

Move decimal Move decimal

point two places point two places
Decimal to Right Decimal to Left for
for % decimal
.75 75% .35 35%

5.0 500% 2.5 250%

1.745 174.50% .124 12.4%

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Mathematics

Converting
Fractions to Percents

Percents to Fractions

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Converting
Converting 1 - 11

Mathematics

Percents Percents
Fraction Top / Bottom Fraction Percent /100
* 100
1 15
10 10% 100 15%
5 384
13 38.4615% 1000 38.4%

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Mathematics

Converting
Decimals to

Decimal Fractions

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Mathematics
Converting
Converting
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Decimals to Decimal Fractions

Decimal Fractions
Step
Step Write Digits .24
11

Step
Step
.24 24
Divide by 1 100 100
22
…with
…with
appropriate .345 .345 345
appropriate 10 0 0 1000
numberof
number ofzeros
zeros
.2 .2 2
10 10
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Mathematics

LO 3.

Decimals

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Decimals
Mathematics

Fraction Decimal Percent

5
13 .384615 38.4615%
IfIfnext
nextdigit
digitisis

Rounding 55or
ormore,
more,
thenraise
then raise
1 .4 currentone
current onetoto 38.5
next
next
Decimal
Decimal 2 .38 highest digit. 38.46
highest digit.
Places
Places 3 .385 38.462
5 .38462
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Example
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Mathematics Example
Example

A bag contains 46 M & M’s of various colours.

The 46 candies are distributed as follows:
18 Yellow 10 Red 7 Orange 5 Green 6 Brown.

Showthe
Show thedistribution
distributionin in
(a)fractions,
(a) fractions,(b)
(b)decimals,
decimals, and
and(c)
(c)
asaapercent.
as percent.
Calculation
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Mathematics

Decimal Percent
Colour No. Fraction (hundredth)
18 (hundredth)
18
Yellow 18 46 .39 39.13%
10
Red 10 .22 21.74%
46
Orange 7
7 .15 15.22%
46
Green 5 55 .11 10.87%
46
Brown 6 6 .13 13.04%
46
46
46/46 = 1 1.00 = 1 100 % = 1
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Mathematics

LO 4.

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Mathematics

The formula to use in percent calculations is:

Formula
Formula Portion = Rate * Base

…using the Questionisisasking

Question askingfor…
for…
‘Triangle’
will help us P= “…is ” or “…are ”
Thisindicates
indicatesthe Portion
thePortion
This
remember the above thathas
that hastotobe
befound!
found!
formula!
P R = “%”
“%” indicates
indicates the Rate
the Rate

R B B = “…of
“…of ”” indicates
indicates the Base
the Base
which isis 100%
which 100% or
or 11
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Mathematics

The formula to use in percent calculations is:

Formula
Formula Portion = Rate * Base

Where variables are

Using this
Using this tool!
tool! BESIDE EACH OTHER this
means to MULTIPLY!
P PP == R*B
R*B
Where a variable is ABOVE
R B P/R=B
P/ R=B ANOTHER this means to
DIVIDE!

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Mathematics

The formula to use in percent calculations is:

Formula
Formula Portion = Rate * Base

Using this
Using tool! If you want to find P
this tool! then R*B
P If you want to find R then P/B
R B If you want to find B then P/R

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Mathematics

Solving for Portion

Sales of McDonalds drive-thru customers are 60% of
total sales. Total McDonald sales are $1,600,000.
What are the drive-thru sales?
What do
What do you
you have
have to
to find?
find?

Formula Portion = Rate * Base

Formula
P P = 60% * $1600000 or
R B P = .60 * $1600000
P = $960,000
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Mathematics

Solving for Rate

Sales of McDonalds drive-thru customers are 60% of
total sales. Total McDonald sales are $1,600,000.
What percent of customers eat in the restaurant?
What do
What do you
you have
have to
to find?
find? $1,600,000
$1,600,000
-- 960,000
960,000
Formula Rate = Portion /Base
Formula $$ 640,000
640,000
P R = $640,000/$1,600,000
R B 40%
R = 40%
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Mathematics

Solving for Base

Sales of McDonalds drive-thru customers are 60% of
total sales. Sales of eat-in customers are $640,000.
What are McDonald’s total Sales?
The
The $640,000
$640,000 isis 40%
40% of
of what
what total
total sales?
sales?
What do
What do you
you have
have to
to find?
find?

P Formula
Formula Base = Portion /Rate
$640,000==
$640,000
R B B = $640,000/ 40% 40%of
40% of
Base
Base
B = $1,600,000
$1,600,000
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Mathematics

Solving for Base

You buy a new stereo in Ontario and pay a total of
$649. This includes 7% GST and 8% PST .
Find (a) the sticker price of the stereo before taxes, and
(b) the amount of each tax.
What do
What do you
you have
have to
to find?
find?
The problem can be restated as: $649 is 115% of the sticker price.

7% GST + 8% PST

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Calculate
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Mathematics

Solving for Base

You buy a new stereo in Ontario and pay a total of
$649. This includes 7% GST and 8% PST. Find (a) the
sticker price of the stereo before taxes, and (b) the
amount of each tax.

Statement: $649 is 115% (or 1.15) of the sticker price.

$649
(A)
(A) 1.15 = $564.35 (B) $564.35 * 7% GST
(B)
== $39.50
$39.50
$39.50 GST
$39.50 GST
$564.35 + $45.15 PST
PST $564.35 * 8% PST
$45.15
= $649 == $45.15
$45.15
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Mathematics

Solving for Rate of Percent Change

If McDonald’s sales increase from $1,600,000 to
$2,400,000, what is the percent change?

Thismethod
This methodisisreferred
referred Initial(Base)Value $ 1,600,000
toas
to as Final Value 2,400,000
the BaseMethod
theBase Method Difference $ 800,000

% change = Difference % change =$ 800,000

Base $1,600,000
= 50% or .5 Increase
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Mathematics

LO 5.

8:00a

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Mathematics

Payroll Cheque 00001

Pay
/ $

Company Income Earners

Salaried

Commissioned

Hourly
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Mathematics

Payroll Cheque 00001

Pay
/ $

Salaried
Receives an ANNUAL amount.
e.g. $50,000 per annum
May receive other incentive payments.
e.g. Year-end Bonus

Usually paid Semi-Monthly or Bi-weekly

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8:00a
Mathematics

Payroll Cheque 00001

Pay
/ $

Commissioned
Receives a percentage of sales made.

e.g. receive
May Personal Sales
other $250,000
incentive @ 10% Commission
payments.

e.g. be
Can Exceeding
paid bothsales quota
a salary - $20,000
and receive @ 3%
commission.
Can be paid Semi-Monthly or Bi-weekly.
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Mathematics

Payroll Cheque 00001

Pay
/ $

Hourly
Where employees are paid on
an hourly basis,
for an agreed number of hours per day, and for
an agreed number of days per week,
then the employee is referred to a an hourly employee.
In most cases this employee belongs to a recognized
labour union, and wages are usually paid weekly.
- May also receive ‘production bonuses’.
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8:00a
Mathematics

…Cycle
Period (b) (a) / (b)
Paid (a) Annual Payments
Income per Year Pay
Weekly Once $40,000
52 = $769.23
a Week
Bi- Every $40,000
26 = $1,538.46
Weekly Two Weeks
Semi- Twice $40,000
24 = $1,666.67
Monthly a Month
Monthly Once $40,000 = $3,333.33
a Month 12
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Mathematics

e
Payroll Cheque

it m
00001
Pay
/ $

e r
Hourly
v
O
If an hourly employee has to work more hours than the
agreed number, then extra
pay is rewarded to recognize this overtime occurrence.

Theovertime
The overtime rate
rate isis usually
usually
1.5 times
1.5 times the
the hourly
hourly rate
rate

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8:00a
Mathematics

You are contracted to work a 40 hour week. Due to

the illness of a colleague you have been required
to work an extra 8 hour shift. You are
paid $15.00 per hour with overtime at time and
one-half.
What is your Gross pay for the week?
Regular Hours worked 40 @ $15.00 $600.00
Overtime Hours 8 @ $22.50 180.00
OvertimeRate
Overtime Rate 48 $780.00
48
==$15.00
$15.00**1.5
1.5== $22.50

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Mathematics

Payroll Cheque 00001

Pay
/ $

Commission
Larry is paid a straight commission of 8%.
His computer net sales were $100,000.
Larry’s draw was $750.
How much commission is still due to Larry?

Draw = An advance on future Commission earnings.

Calculation
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Mathematics

Larry is paid a straight commission of 8%.

His computer net sales were $100,000.
Larry’s draw was $750.
How much commission is still due to
Larry?
Net Sales $100,000 * 8% = $8,000
Less: DRAW 750
Commission due to Larry $7,250

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Mathematics

Payroll Cheque 00001

Pay
/ $

Commission

Variable Commission Scale

Thisrefers
This refersto
tothe
thepayment
paymentof ofdifferent
different
commissionrates
commission ratesfor
forvarious
variouslevels
levelsof
ofsales.
sales.

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8:00a
Mathematics

Your car net sales were $120,000.

Based on the Commission Scale,
what are your gross commissions?

Commission Scale $ Commission

Up to $25,000 5% 25,000 * .05 = $1,250
$25,001 - $40,000 7% 15,000 * .07 = 1,050
Over $40,001 8% 80,000 * .08 = 6,400
120,000
120,000 $8,700
$8,700
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Mathematics

Payroll Cheque 00001

Pay
/ $

Salary plus Commission

You receive a salary of $2,500 per month.

In addition, you receive a 5% commission
for sales over $15,000.
Last month’s sales were $75,000.
Calculate your gross pay.

Calculation
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Mathematics

You receive a salary of $2,500 per month. In

addition, you receive a 5% commission for sales
over $15,000. Last month’s sales were $75,000.
Calculate your gross pay.

Gross Pay = Salary + Commission

$75,000
$75,000 = $2,500 + ($60,000 * .
--15,000
15,000 05)
$60,000
$60,000 = $5,500.

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Mathematics

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Mathematics

Ontario Transport has 46 drivers each earning

$20.50 per hour, 14 clerical staff members each
earning $15.00 per hour, and 10 mechanics each
earning $29.00 per hour.
What is the Simple Average of the 3
hourly wages?
SA Wage = Wages per hour / # different wages
= (20.50 +15.00 + 29.00) / 3
= $64.50 / 3
==$21.50
$21.50
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Mathematics

Ontario Transport has 46 drivers each earning

$20.50 per hour, 14 clerical staff members each
earning $15.00 per hour, and 10 mechanics each
earning $29.00 per hour.
Calculate the Weighted Average hourly rate earned
by the 3 categories of employees.
WA Wage = (Wage 1* #D + Wage 2*#C + Wage 3*#M)
Total # of Employees
((20.50(46) +15.00(14) + 29.00(10))
WA Wage =
(46+14+10)
== 70
70
WA Wage = ($943 + 210 + 290) / 70
WA Wage = ($1443.00) / 70 ==$20.61
$20.61
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Mathematics

LO 7.

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Mathematics

Register sales amounted to $5,000 and included

15% for PST and GST Taxes.
What were the actual sales before taxes?

Amount including tax

Sales Amount =
Actual Sales + tax rate - or-
Amount including tax
Sales Amount =
1 + tax rate
= $5,000 == $4,347.83
1+ 0.15
$4,347.83
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Mathematics

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Mathematics

Property taxes are used by Municipalities to

pay for local running costs,
e.g. fire and police departments.
They are
based on the assessed value.
The
Thevalue
valueof
ofproperty
propertyfor
for
Assessed Value the
thepurposes
purposesofof
computing
computingproperty
propertytaxes
taxes

Assessment Rate * Market Value

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Mathematics

Calculating

Property
PropertyTax
Tax== Mill
MillRate
Rate **Assessed
AssessedValue
Value
1000
1000

Mill
Mill Rate
Rate = amount of tax per $1000
of Assessed Value

Calculation
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Mathematics

Calculating
If you live in a house with an Assessed Value of
$240,000, and the current mill rate is $26.923, find
the amount of your property tax for the year.
Property
PropertyTax
Tax==Mill
MillRate
Rate**Assessed
AssessedValue
Value
1000
1000

= $26.923 * $240 000

1000
= $6,461.52
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Mathematics

Expressing Tax Rate

Per $100 of Per $1,000 of
By % Assessed Value Assessed Value In Mills

7.69% $7.69 $76.90 $76.90

$40,000*7.69% $40,000 =400 $40,000 =400 $76.90*.001

* $40,000
$100 $1000
= 400* $7.69 = 40* $7.69
$3,076 $3,076 $3,076 $3,076
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Mathematics

This completes Chapter 1

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