COVALENT

BONDS
Group 6:
XI- Betelgeuse
Objectives

Describe Determine
the electronegativity of an element and the
molecules of compounds polarity of a bond

Determine
the structures of molecular compound
Familiarize
the geometry of molecules
Identify
the properties of molecular compound
 Covalent Bonding

● A covalent bond usually

takes place between two
non-metal elements
● Covalent bonds is a bond
that results from the
sharing of a valence
electrons.
 01
Molecules of
Compounds
Molecules of Compounds

A Molecule is formed when two REMEMBER:

or more atoms bond covalently.
All compounds are molecules,
but not all molecules are
compounds.
A compound that is formed by
molecules is called a molecular
compound.
Molecules of Compounds
Water (H2O) can be
called a molecule or a
compound because it is
made of hydrogen (H) and
oxygen (O) atoms.
Example: Hydrogen gas (H2) is a
molecule, but not a compound because
it is made of only one element.

Chemical Bond

Atoms
-Lewis theory implies that another way atoms
can achieve an octet of valence electrons is to
share their valence electrons with other atoms. re of
Structu onds
nt B
Covale
- The shared electrons would then count
toward each atom’s octet.

-The sharing of valence electrons is called

covalent bonding.

Recall: Lewis Structures

Recall: Lewis Structure

-Electrons that are shared by

atoms are called bonding pairs.

-Electrons that are not shared by

atoms but belong to a particular
atom are called
lone pairs.
Properties
of Molecular  Flammable
Compounds
 Softer than Ionic
 Low MP and BP
Compound
Molecular Compounds have relatively low melting
and boiling points than ionic compounds
 Less soluble in
 DO NOT water than Ionic
conduct electricity
Compound
 Single Covalent Bond
When a single pair of electrons is
shared
Example: hydrogen
Multiple Covalent Bonds
Many molecules gain a noble gas
configuration by sharing more than one
pair of electrons, forming multiple
covalent bonds.
A double bond occurs when two pairs
of electrons are shared.
A triple bond occurs when three
pairs of electrons are shared.
Strength
of Covalent Bonds

The strengt
h of covale
bonds depe nt
nds on the
BOND LE
NGTH or
how much
distance
separates th
e bonded
nuclei.
 Since multiple bonds have a
shorter bond length,
Double bonds are weaker than triple
Single bonds (F2) are weaker than bonds (N2)
double bonds (O2),
 Electronegativity Remember!

The ability of an atom to attract The larger the difference in

bonding electrons to itself electronegativity, the more
polar the bond
Increases across period (left to
right) and decreases down group
(top to bottom)
Take Note:
Fluorine is the most
electronegative element.

Francium is the least

electronegative element.

Noble gas atoms are not

assigned values.
Learning Check!
Predict the order of increasing
electronegativity for the
elements O, K, and C.
Answer: K, C, O
K, period 4, group 1A (1), has an
electronegativity
value of 0.8.
C, period 2, group 4A (14), has an
electronegativity
value of 2.5.
O, period 2, group 6A (16),
has an electronegativity
value of 3.5.
 KINDS OF MOLECULES
based on Polarity

Bonds can be described by the difference in the

electronegativity of the bonding atoms.

Two types of covalent bonds occur in molecules:

• nonpolar covalent bonds bonding electrons are shared equally
• polar covalent bonds bonding electrons are shared unequally
Nonpolar Covalent Bond

 consists of an equal (or

almost equal) sharing of
electrons

 has a zero (or close to

zero) electronegativity
difference (0.0 to 0.4)
 Polar Covalent Bond
 consists of an unequal sharing of electrons

 has an electronegativity difference of 0.5 to 1.7

 Note: Learning Check!
electronegativity difference:
0.0 – 0.4 are nonpolar.

electronegativity difference:
0.5 – 1.7 are polar covalent.

electronegativity difference:
greater than 1.8 are ionic.
 Molecular Geometry

e nt of
ang e m
The arr hin a given VSEPR Theory
wit
atoms ecule.
mol Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion
Theory is based on simple electrostatic
repulsion of electron pairs.
In the VSEPR model, the molecule or polyatomic ion is
given an AXmEn designation, where:

A= central atom
X= is a bonded atom
E= is a nonbonding valence electron group
m and n= integers. 
Count the number of the
attached atom in the
Lewis structure.

The geometry will be that

which corresponds to that
number of attached atoms.
Remember!
The geometry is often not the shape of the molecule.

The “shape” is defined by the positions of only the atoms in

the molecules, not the lone pairs.
 Linear
Molecular Geometry

In this geometry, there is only one NOTE!

molecular geometry: linear. If there are only two atoms in
the molecule, the molecule will
be linear no matter what the
geometry is.
Example: Carbon dioxide AX2:CO2
Charge:
C= +4
O= -2
Valence Electron:
C= 4
O= 6
Linear
 Trigonal Planar
Geometry

2 molecular geometries:

Trigonal Planar - if there

are no lone pairs
Bent- if there is a lone pair.
Example: Boron Chloride AX3: BCL 3

Charge:
B= +3
Cl= -1

Valence Electron:
B= 3
Cl= 7

Trigonal Planar
Tetrahedral 3 molecular geometries:
Geometry

Tetrahedral- if there are no

lone pairs

Trigonal Pyramidal- if
there is one lone pair.

Bent- if there are two lone

pairs
Example: Ammonia AX3E: NH3

Charge:
N= -3
H= -1

Valence Electron:
N= 5
H= 1

Trigonal Pyramidal
Trigonal Bipyramidal
Geometry 4 molecular geometries:

Trigonal bipyramidal- no
lone pairs

Seesaw- one lone pair

T-shaped- two lone pairs

Linear- Three lone pairs

Example: Phosphorus
Pentachloride AX₅:Cl₅P
Charge:
Cl= +1
P= -3

Valence Electron:
Cl= 7
P= 5

Trigonal Bipyramidal
All positions are equivalent in the
Octagonal
Geometry
octahedral domain.

3 molecular geometries :

Octahedral- no lone pairs

Square Pyramidal- one lone

pair

Square Planar- two lone pairs

Example: Bromine Pentafluoride
AX5E:BrF5
Charge:
Br= -1
F= -1

Valence Electron:
Br= 7
F= 7

Square Pyramidal
 Exercise: True or False

4.Molecular Geometry is the

1.The geometry is the shape of the arrangement of atoms within a given
molecule. molecule.
FALSE
TRUE
2. Octahedral has two lone pairs
FALSE 5.Trigonal Planar has 3 lone
pairs.
3.Tetrahedral has no lone pairs FALSE

TRUE
Thanks
!
If you have any
questions, please
turn on your mic.