Architectural Science 1: Water

Architectural Science 1: Water

HISTORIC REVIEW ON PUBLIC WATER SUPPLY

HISTORICALLY, SETTLEMENTS AND COMMUNITIES RELIED ON NATURAL

SOURCES TO OBTAIN THEIR WATER. THE MOST COMMON METHOD OF
COLLECTING WATER WAS SAVING RAINWATER IN ROOFTOP RESERVOIRS
AND CISTERNS. THIS METHOD WAS USED BY THE MINOANS AND
MYCENAEANS AND LATER BY THE CLASSICAL AND HELLENISTIC GREEKS,
AND THEN THE ROMANS.

IN CONSOLIDATING THEIR EMPIRE, THE ROMANS ENGAGED IN EXTENSIVE

BUILDING OF CITIES. BECAUSE CITIES NEEDED A HEALTHY WATER SUPPLY,
LOCATIONS ALONG RIVERS AND STREAMS OR UNDERGROUND
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HISTORIC REVIEW ON PUBLIC WATER SUPPLY

WHEN CITIES WERE SMALL, OBTAINING CLEAN WATER AND DISPOSING OF

WASTE WAS NOT A MAJOR PROBLEM; HOWEVER, AS CITIES GREW TO LARGER
POPULATIONS AND MUCH HIGHER DENSITIES THERE WAS A MUCH GREATER
NEED FOR PUBLIC INFRASTRUCTURE.

THE ROMANS ENJOYED MANY AMENITIES FOR THEIR DAY, INCLUDING

PUBLIC TOILETS, UNDERGROUND SEWAGE SYSTEMS, FOUNTAINS AND
ORNATE PUBLIC BATHS. NONE OF THESE AQUATIC INNOVATIONS WOULD
HAVE BEEN POSSIBLE WITHOUT THE ROMAN AQUEDUCT.
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HISTORIC REVIEW ON PUBLIC WATER SUPPLY

Fantana Trevi fountain - Rome, Italy, 1762

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HISTORIC REVIEW ON PUBLIC WATER SUPPLY

 Architectural Science 1: Water

HISTORIC REVIEW ON PUBLIC WATER SUPPLY

 Architectural Science 1: Water

HISTORIC REVIEW ON PUBLIC WATER SUPPLY

 Architectural Science 1: Water

HISTORIC REVIEW ON PUBLIC WATER SUPPLY

BEFORE RUNNING WATER SUPPLIES WERE MADE POSSIBLE BY CONDUITS AND

AQUEDUCTS, MANY ROMAN CITIES RELIED UPON CISTERNS AND STORAGE TANKS.
CISTERNS RANGED FROM INDIVIDUAL USE FOR HOUSES TO COMMUNAL CISTERNS.
PROBABLY THE MOST IMPRESSIVE AND IMMENSE CISTERN EVER BUILT BY THE
ROMANS WAS THE PISCINA MIRABILIS IN THE BAY OF NAPLES, ITALY.
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HISTORIC REVIEW ON PUBLIC WATER SUPPLY

PISCINA MIRABILIS,

ITALY.
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HISTORIC REVIEW ON PUBLIC WATER SUPPLY

RESIDENT CISTERNS
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HISTORIC REVIEW ON PUBLIC WATER SUPPLY

COMMUNAL CISTERNS
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HISTORIC REVIEW ON PUBLIC WATER SUPPLY

COMMUNAL CISTERNS
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HISTORIC REVIEW ON PUBLIC WATER SUPPLY

COMMUNAL CISTERNS - CHANDRA BAORI STEP WELL, INDIA. 30METRES DEEP W/3500
STEPS
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HISTORIC REVIEW ON PUBLIC WATER SUPPLY

THE AQUEDUCTS OF ANCIENT ROME

THE CITY OF ROME HAD THE LARGEST CONCENTRATION OF AQUEDUCTS,

WITH WATER BEING SUPPLIED BY ELEVEN AQUEDUCTS CONSTRUCTED OVER
A PERIOD OF ABOUT 500 YEARS.
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HISTORIC REVIEW ON PUBLIC

WATER SUPPLY

THE AQUEDUCTS OF ANCIENT ROME

THEY SERVED POTABLE WATER AND

SUPPLIED THE NUMEROUS BATHS AND
FOUNTAINS IN THE CITY, AS WELL AS
FINALLY BEING EMPTIED INTO THE
SEWERS, WHERE THE ONCE-USED GRAY
WATER PERFORMED THEIR LAST
FUNCTION IN REMOVING WASTE
MATTER.
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HISTORIC REVIEW ON PUBLIC WATER SUPPLY - THE AQUEDUCTS OF ANCIENT

ROME

ROMAN AQUEDUCTS WERE BUILT ON ELEVATED STRUCTURES TO PROVIDE THE

NEEDED SLOPE FOR WATER FLOW. MOST ROMAN PIPING WAS MADE OF LEAD,
AND EVEN THE ROMANS RECOGNIZED THAT WATER TRANSPORTED BY LEAD
PIPES WAS A HEALTH HAZARD.

THE WATER SOURCE FOR A TYPICAL WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM OF A ROMAN CITY
WAS A SPRING OR A DUG WELL, USUALLY WITH A BUCKET ELEVATOR TO RAISE
THE WATER. IF THE WELL WATER WAS CLEAR, AND OF SUFFICIENT QUANTITY, IT
WAS CONVEYED TO THE CITY BY AQUEDUCT. ALSO, WATER FROM SEVERAL
SOURCES WAS COLLECTED IN A RESERVOIR, AND THEN CONVEYED BY
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HISTORIC REVIEW ON PUBLIC WATER SUPPLY - THE AQUEDUCTS OF

ANCIENT ROME

FLOW IN THE ROMAN AQUEDUCTS WAS OBTAINED BY GRAVITY. WATER FLOWED

THROUGH AN ENCLOSED CONDUIT WHICH WAS TYPICALLY UNDERGROUND, FROM
THE SOURCE TO A TERMINUS OR DISTRIBUTION TANK (CASTELLUM). ABOVE
GROUND AQUEDUCTS WERE BUILT ON A RAISED EMBANKMENT OR ON AN ARCADE
OR BRIDGE. SETTLING TANKS WERE LOCATED ALONG THE AQUEDUCTS TO REMOVE
SEDIMENTS AND FOREIGN MATTER. SUBSIDIARY LINES WERE BUILT AT SOME
LOCATIONS ALONG THE AQUEDUCT TO SUPPLY ADDITIONAL WATER.
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HISTORIC REVIEW ON PUBLIC WATER SUPPLY -THE AQUEDUCTS OF ANCIENT ROME

AT DISTRIBUTION POINTS WATER WAS DELIVERED THROUGH PIPES MADE OF EITHER

TILE OR LEAD. THESE PIPES WERE CONNECTED TO THE CASTELLUM WHICH WERE
USUALLY PLACED BELOW THE GROUND LEVEL ALONG MAJOR STREETS. THE MAIN
AQUEDUCT ENDS AT THE MAIN CASTELLUM. THE CASTELLUM IS A JUNCTION WHERE
THE MAIN AQUEDUCT ENDS AND THE URBAN DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM BEGINS. A LEAD
PIPE OR SMALLER AQUEDUCT WAS THEN USED TO TRANSPORT THE WATER FROM THE
MAIN CASTELLUM TO A SECONDARY CASTELLUM OR WATER TOWER.
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HISTORIC REVIEW ON PUBLIC WATER SUPPLY-THE AQUEDUCTS OF

ANCIENT ROME

FROM THE WATER TOWER (SECONDARY CASTELLUM) LEAD PIPES WERE USED
TO BRANCH THE SUPPLY TO INDIVIDUAL CUSTOMERS AND TO PUBLIC
FOUNTAINS FOR THE DOMESTIC SUPPLY.
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THE 11 AQUEDUCTS OF ANCIENT ROME

1.AQUA APPIA – THE FIRST, AND SHORTEST, AQUEDUCT.

•BUILT IN 311 B.C

•LENGTH: 16 KM

•UNDERGROUND FROM ITS SOURCE FOR 11 KM,

THEN ON ARCHES FOR 4.8 KM TO ITS TERMINUS.

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THE 11 AQUEDUCTS OF ANCIENT

ROME

2. AQUA ANIO VETUS

•BUILT IN 272 - 269 BC

•LENGTH: 64 KM

•UNDERGROUND CHANNEL OF STONE

FROM ITS SOURCE TO ITS TERMINUS.
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THE 11 AQUEDUCTS OF ANCIENT

ROME

3. AQUA MARCIA-THE LONGEST

AQUEDUCT

•BUILT IN 144 - 140 BC

•LENGTH: 90 KM

•UNDERGROUND FOR 80 KM FROM ITS

SOURCE, THEN ON ARCHES FOR 9.7 KM.
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THE 11 AQUEDUCTS OF ANCIENT

ROME

4.AQUA TEPULA

•BUILT IN 125 BC

•LENGTH: 18 KM;

•UNDERGROUND FOR 8.0 KM FROM ITS

SOURCE, THEN ON THE SAME ARCHES AS
THOSE OF THE AQUA MARIA FOR 9.7 KM
TO ITS TERMINUS.
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Water

THE 11 AQUEDUCTS OF ANCIENT

ROME

5. AQUA JULIA

•BUILT IN 33 BC

•LENGTH: 23 KM;

•UNDERGROUND FOR 11 KM FROM ITS

SOURCE, THEN ON THE SAME ARCHES AS
THOSE OF THE AQUA MARCIA AND AQUA
TEPULA TO ITS TERMINUS.
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THE 11 AQUEDUCTS OF ANCIENT

ROME

6. AQUA VIRGO

•BUILT IN 19 BC

•LENGTH: 22 KM;

•UNDERGROUND FOR 11 KM FROM ITS

SOURCE, THEN ON ARCHES FOR 11 KM TO
ITS TERMINUS.
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THE 11 AQUEDUCTS OF ANCIENT

ROME

7. AQUA ALSIETINA

•BUILT IN 2 BC

•LENGTH: 23 KM;

•UNDERGROUND FOR 22KM FROM ITS

SOURCE, THEN ON ARCHES FOR 1KM TO
ITS TERMINUS.
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THE 11 AQUEDUCTS OF ANCIENT

ROME

8. AQUA CLAUDIA

•BUILT IN AD 52

•LENGTH: 69 KM;

•UNDERGROUND FOR 55 KM FROM ITS

SOURCE, THEN ON ARCHES FOR 14 KM TO
ITS TERMINUS.
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THE 11 AQUEDUCTS OF ANCIENT

ROME

9. AQUA ANIO NOVUS

•BUILT IN AD 52

•LENGTH: 87 KM;

•UNDERGROUND FOR 74 KM FROM ITS

SOURCE, THEN ON ARCHES FOR 13 KM,
ENTERING ROME AT PORTA MAGGIORE,
ATOP THE CHANNEL OF AQUA CLAUDIA
TO ITS TERMINUS.
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THE 11 AQUEDUCTS OF ANCIENT

ROME

10. AQUA TRAIANA

•BUILT IN AD 109

•LENGTH: 56 KM;

•UNDERGROUND FOR 47 KM FROM ITS

SOURCE, THEN ON ARCHES FOR 9.7 KM TO
ITS TERMINUS.
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THE 11 AQUEDUCTS OF ANCIENT

ROME

11. AQUA ALEXANDRINA

•BUILT IN AD 226

•LENGTH: 23 KM;

•UNDERGROUND FOR 6.4 KM FROM ITS

SOURCE, THEN ON ARCHES FOR 16 KM TO
ITS TERMINUS.
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THE 11 AQUEDUCTS OF ANCIENT ROME

PORTA MAGGIORE, THE JUNCTION OF AQUA CLAUDIO AND AQUA ANIO NOVUS WITH
AQUA MARCIA AND AQUA TEPULA.
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THE HYDROLOGIC CYCLE

THE HYDROLOGIC CYCLE IS THE PROCESS WHEREBY WATER CONSTANTLY

CIRCULATES, POWERED BY ABOUT ONE-FOURTH OF THE EARTH’S SOLAR ENERGY.
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THE HYDROLOGIC CYCLE AND WATER USE

FROM THE HYDROLOGIC PERSPECTIVE, WATER USE CAN BE DEFINED AS ALL

WATER FLOWS THAT ARE A RESULT OF HUMAN INTERVENTION WITHIN THE
HYDROLOGIC CYCLE. THIS WATER USE REFERS TO WATER THAT IS ACTUALLY
USED FOR A SPECIFIC PURPOSE OF WHICH THERE ARE GENERALLY NINE (9) SUCH
USES:

1. COMMERCIAL USE. WATER FOR MOTELS, HOTELS, RESTAURANTS, OFFICE

BUILDINGS, AND OTHER COMMERCIAL FACILITIES AND INSTITUTIONS.

2. DOMESTIC USE. WATER FOR HOUSEHOLD NEEDS SUCH AS DRINKING, FOOD

PREPARATION, BATHING, WASHING CLOTHES AND DISHES, FLUSHING TOILETS,
AND WATERING LAWNS AND GARDENS (ALSO CALLED RESIDENTIAL WATER USE).
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THE HYDROLOGIC CYCLE AND WATER USE

4. IRRIGATION USE. ARTIFICIAL APPLICATION OF WATER ON LANDS TO ASSIST

IN THE GROWING OF CROPS AND PASTURES OR LANDSCAPING PURPOSES.
LIVESTOCK USE. WATER FOR LIVESTOCK WATERING, FEED LOTS, DAIRY
OPERATIONS, FISH FARMING, AND OTHER ON-FARM NEEDS.
MINING USE. WATER FOR THE EXTRACTION OF MINERALS OCCURRING
NATURALLY AND ASSOCIATED WITH QUARRYING, WELL OPERATIONS, MILLING,
AND OTHER PREPARATIONS CUSTOMARILY DONE AT THE MINE SITE OR AS PART
OF A MINING ACTIVITY.

7. PUBLIC USE. WATER SUPPLIED FROM A PUBLIC WATER SUPPLY AND USED FOR
SUCH PURPOSES AS FIREFIGHTING, STREET WASHING, MUNICIPAL PARKS, AND
SWIMMING POOLS.
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THE HYDROLOGIC CYCLE AND WATER USE

8.RURAL USE. WATER FOR SUBURBAN OR FARM AREAS FOR DOMESTIC AND
LIVESTOCK NEEDS WHICH IS GENERALLY SELF-SUPPLIED.

9. THERMOELECTRIC POWER USE. WATER FOR THE PROCESS OF THE

GENERATION OF THERMOELECTRIC POWER.
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WATER SUPPLY AND TREATMENT

PROVIDING WATER IS AMONG THE MOST CRITICAL SERVICES IN A MODERN

BUILDING. GENERALLY, POTABLE WATER IS SUPPLIED FROM A PUBLIC WATER
SYSTEM AND THE POTABLE WATER MUST MEET THE QUALITY STANDARDS
PRESCRIBED BY THE GOVERNING PUBLIC HEALTH AGENCIES.

FOR USE IN A BUILDING, THE WATER SUPPLY MUST MEET A MINIMUM

QUALITY BASED ON SEVERAL MAJOR CHARACTERISTICS, NAMELY:
•PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
•CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS
•BIOLOGICAL AND RADIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS.
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WATER SUPPLY AND TREATMENT

PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS: THE WATER SUPPLY MAY CONTAIN ONLY A LIMITED

AMOUNT OF SUSPENDED MATERIAL, AS MEASURED IN TERMS OF CLOUDINESS, CLARITY,
COLOR, ACCEPTABLE TASTE, ODOR, TEMPERATURE.

CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS: THE WATER SUPPLY MAY CONTAIN NO MORE THAN

THE MAXIMUM CONTENT PRESCRIBED BY HEALTH STANDARDS PERTAINING TO
HARDNESS AND DISSOLVED MATTER, SUCH AS MINERAL AND METALS. THE PREFERRED
HARDNESS IS LOWER THAN 200PPM(PARTS PER MILLION) OF CALCIUM CARBONATES.

BIOLOGICAL AND RADIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS: THE WATER SHOULD BE FREE

OF BACTERIA, VIRUSES, AND RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS.
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WATER TREATMENT PROCESS TO IMPROVE WATER QUALITY

PROCESS AT THE WATER TREATMENT PLANT:

•COAGULATION (FLOCCULATION)

•SEDIMENTATION

•AERATION (OXIDATION)

•FILTRATION

•DISINFECTION

•FLUORIDATION - OPTIONAL.
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WATER TREATMENT PROCESS TO IMPROVE WATER QUALITY

PROCESS AT WATER TREATMENT PLANT:

COAGULATION (FLOCCULATION): THIS REMOVES DIRT AND OTHER PARTICLES

SUSPENDED IN WATER. CHEMICALS ARE ADDED TO WATER TO FORM TINY STICKY
PARTICLES CALLED “FLOC” WHICH ATTRACT THE DIRT PARTICLES. THE COMBINED
WEIGHT OF THE DIRT AND THE FLOC BECOME HEAVY ENOUGH TO SINK TO THE
BOTTOM DURING SEDIMENTATION. THIS PROCESS REDUCES TURBIDITY AND
IMPROVES THE COLOR AND TASTE OF WATER.

*TURBIDITY IS THE CLOUDINESS OR HAZINESS OF A FLUID CAUSED BY LARGE

NUMBERS OF INDIVIDUAL PARTICLES THAT ARE GENERALLY INVISIBLE TO THE NAKED
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WATER TREATMENT PROCESS TO IMPROVE WATER QUALITY

PROCESS AT WATER TREATMENT PLANT:

SEDIMENTATION: ALLOWS SUSPENDED MATTER TO SETTLE OUT OF WATER BY

PRECIPITATION. THIS REDUCES THE TURBIDITY OF THE WATER.

AERATION (OXIDATION): INTRODUCES AIR INTO WATER TO OXIDIZE IMPURITIES

TO IMPROVE ITS TASTE AND COLOR.

FILTRATION: WATER PASSES THROUGH FILTERS, SOME MADE OF LAYERS OF

SAND, GRAVEL, AND CHARCOAL TO REMOVE EVEN SMALLER SUSPENDED
PARTICLES. THIS PROCESS IMPROVES THE OVERALL QUALITY OF THE WATER,
INCLUDING TURBIDITY, POTABILITY, COLOR AND TASTE.
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WATER TREATMENT PROCESS TO IMPROVE WATER QUALITY

PROCESS AT WATER TREATMENT PLANT:

DISINFECTION: A SMALL AMOUNT OF CHLORINE IS ADDED OR SOME OTHER

DISINFECTION METHOD IS USED TO KILL ANY BACTERIA OR
MICROORGANISMS THAT MAY BE IN THE WATER.

FLUORIDATION: ADDS A FLUORIDE CHEMICAL IN WATER TO PREVENT TOOTH

DECAY. HOWEVER, FLUORIDE LEVELS IN THE WATER SUPPLY MUST BE
CAREFULLY MONITORED, BECAUSE FLUORIDE IS A TOXIC CHEMICAL. TOO
MUCH FLUORIDE CAN CAUSE MOTTLING OF THE TEETH(FLUOROSIS).