Line Reactance, Zero

Sequence Reactance and

Mutual Zero Sequence
Reactance
By S. P. Vasekar, Superintending Engineer, MSETCL,
Testing and Communication Circle Aurangabad
 Line Reactance, Zero Sequence Reactance and
Mutual Zero Sequence Reactance
• Inductance of the transmission line
– Basics of Inductance and inductance of Single and
Three Phase Lines
• Inductance of Three Phase Line as Matrix
– General Theory
• Zero Sequence Impedance of Transmission Line
– Theory of Sequence Component and It’s Application
• Zero Sequence Mutual Impedance of
Transmission Line
– Sequence Component Theory as Applied to Double
Circuit Line
 Inductance of the
Transmission Line

Basics of Inductance and Inductance

of Single and Three Phase Line
 Inductance – Quick Refresh
V = L * di/dt By definition

V = N* dΦ/dt Faradays law

N*dΦ/dt = L*di/dt

ϕ ϕ L = N*dΦ / di

Inductance is flux
linkage per ampere
Φ
of current

L = NΦ/I
I
 What is inductance (Physics)

Whenever current flows there is a loop.

This current loop setups magnetic field.
The magnetic field can be considered
as magnetic field lines and which also
setup loops. These two loops are
always interlinked

Visualization of
magnetic field with
QuickField software
Approximate Field Distribution for Circular
Loop

2.0173
0.0000 mWb
1.7123
0.0173
0.8973
What is Magnetic Flux Linkage

Φ = 2 mWb
1000 mm

L = ϕ/I = 2*10-6 Henry

1000 Amp

r = 22 mm
Magnetic Field By Two Wires

1m
 Remember Linkage

• The most important thing is flux

linkage with current loop
 Inductance of a long straight wire

• Only open straight conductor can not carry any

current
• Hence magnetic flux setup by it also zero
• And it is not possible to derive any expression
for it’s inductance.
Magnetic Field Distribution – 1-Ph Line
Concept of GMR – Solid Conductor
Area A1

Area A2

A1 = A2
ϕ

R'
R' = R*e (-1/4)
R

R' = 0.7788*R
 Inductance of Two Wire Line

L = 2x10-7LogeD/r’ H/m

1m

L = 4x10-7LogeD/r’ H/m
 Formula for calculation of
inductance of 3-Ph transmission line
B

DAB

A 7
2
3
1 DBC
6 4
5

DCA

L = 2*10-7 *Loge(GMD/GMR) H/m

C
 GMD =

GMR =
 
Calculation of GMR
 Solution for 132kV Line
with Panther Conductor

• L = 2x10-7*Loge(4.0/0.0086767) H/m
• L = 2x10-7*Loge(461) H/m
• L = 2x10-7*6.1334 H/m
• L = 12.2668x10-7 H/m
• L = 12.2668x10-3 H/Km
• X = 2*π*f*L
• X = 2*3.142*50*12.2668*10-3
• X = 314*12.2668*10-3
• X = 0.3851 Ω / Km
Impedance of Line as Matrix

General Equation
 Effect of Mutual Coupling

N 85 N 170
A A 100 mm2
100 mm2
0.0001 m2
0.0001 m2
μ0 μ0 1.257E-05 H.m
1.257E-05 H.m
μr μr 281
281
l l 160 mm
160 mm
0.16 m
0.16 m
L = μ0μrN2A/l L = μ0μrN2A/l
0.0159H 0.0638H

XL = 2*π*f*L XL = 2*π*f*L
5.0Ohm 20.0Ohm
Mutual Inductance, Mathematical Representation
N = 170 t = 10 mm

ɸ b = 10 mm

a = 80 mm

N = 170

ɸ b = 10 mm

a = 80 mm
Mutual Impedance – 2 Wire Line
3-Ph Transmission Line – QuickField Problem
3-Ph Transmission Line – Field Simulation
 Three Phase Line Matrix Notation

Without
Considering
Mutual Coupling

With Mutual
Coupling
 Generl Equation of the transmission line
parameters (Without Earth Wire)
From last slide we have Vabc – Vabc’ = Zabc*Iabc (All Bold
face represents matrix)
Where Zabc = Rabc + Jxabc and to calculate Zabc from
conductor and line data use
r is resistance (Ω/km) of the
𝑟+𝑅𝐶 𝑅𝐶
 𝑅𝐶 𝑟+𝑅𝐶 𝑅𝐶 conductor used and RC =
Rabc = 𝑅𝐶
𝑅𝐶
𝑅𝐶 𝑟+𝑅𝐶
Ω/km
0.0001*π2f for f = 50 Hz RC =
0.04935 Ω/km

M is for converting H/m to Ω/km

1 1 1
 𝐿 𝑛( 𝐺 𝑀𝑅 ) 𝐿𝑛( )
𝐷𝑎𝑏
+𝐺𝐶 𝐿𝑛( )
𝐷𝑎𝑐
+𝐺𝐶 and it is 4*π*f*0.0001 for 50Hz
1 1 1 Ω/km its value is 0.062832.
Xabc = M* 𝐿𝑛( )
𝐷𝑏𝑎
+𝐺𝐶 𝐿𝑛(
𝐺𝑀𝑅
) 𝐿𝑛( )
𝐷𝑏𝑐
+𝐺𝐶

  ∗ 𝜌
𝐿𝑛( )1
𝐷𝑐𝑎
+𝐺𝐶 𝐿𝑛( )1
𝐷𝑐𝑏
+𝐺𝐶 𝐿𝑛(
1
𝐺𝑀𝑅
) GC = Ln658
√ 𝑓
ρ is earath resistivity

and for ρ = 100 Ω.m and f = 50

Hz GC = 6.8357
 Practical System Calculations
8.6767mm
132kV For 0.2 ACSR
50 km 50 MW GMR = 0.008677m
0.2 ACSR For Above line
Dab = 4m
Dbc = 4m
Dca = 8m
Let ρ = 100Ω.m
f= 50Hz
r= 0.1522Ω/km

0.2015 + j0.7277 0.0493 + j0.3424 0.0493 + j0.2988

 Zabc = 0.0493 + j0.3424 0.2015 + j0.7277 0.0493 + j0.3424

  0.0493 + j0.2988 0.0493 + j0.3424 0.2015 + j0.7277

Zero Sequence Impedance
of Transmission Line

Sequence Component Theory and

Application
Symmetrical Components

Resolve Components
Symmetrical Components and Matrix A-1
0 Sequence Comp.

+Ve Sequence Comp.

-Ve Sequence Comp.

 VB
Operator - a
= a*VR

VR
a = -0.5 + j0.866
OR
a = 1.0 ∟1200
VY
= a*a*VR
 Symmetrical Components and Matrix A
0 Sequence Comp.
Va = Va0 + Va1 + Va2
Vb = Vb0 + Vb1 + Vb2
Vc = Vc0 + Vc1 + Vc2
Va = Va0 + Va1 + Va2
Vb = Va0 + a2Va1 + aVa2 +Ve Sequence Comp.

Vc = Vc0 + aVa1 + a2Va2

Va 1 1 1 Va0
Vb = 1 a2 a * Va1
Vc 1 a a2 V
a2

Vabc = A * V012 -Ve Sequence Comp.

 Symmetrical Components and Matrix A

Vabc = A * V012
Va 1 1 1 Va0
Vb = 1 a2 a * Va1
Vc 1 a a2 V
a2

V012 = A-1 * Vabc V0 1 1 1 Va

V1 = 1/3 1 a a2 * Vb
V2 1 a2 a Vc
 Symmetrical Components and Matrix A-1
0 Sequence Comp.

U 7.07 ∟ 45.00
V 4.81 ∟-102.74
W 12.44 ∟ 27.25
+Ve Sequence Comp.
U012 = A-1Uabc

U0 5.39 ∟21.80

U1 3.61 ∟-33.69

U2 5.83 ∟120.96

Check Matrix
Display-Ve Seq.
DisplaySolution
Display Zero
+Ve Formula
Components
Seq. Components -Ve Sequence Comp.
 Sequence Impedances

Vabc = Xabc * Iabc (1f considered Va’ = Vb’ = Vc’ = 0)

A*V012 = Xabc*A*I012

A-1*A*V012 = A-1*Xabc*A*I012

V012 = X012 * I012 Where X012 = A-1*Xabc*A

Or in General Term

Z012 = A-1 * Zabc * A

Sequence Impedances of Transmission Line
For 0.2 ACSR
GMR = 8.6767mm
0.00867m
For Above line
Dab = 4m
Dbc = 4m
Dca = 8m

Let ρ = 100Ω.m
f= 50Hz
r= 0.1522Ω/km

0.2015+j0.7277 0.0493+j0.3424 0.0493+j0.2988

Zabc =  0.0493+j0.3424 0.2015+j0.7277 0.0493+j0.3424

  0.0493+j0.2988 0.0493+j0.3424 0.2015+j0.7277

0.3002+j1.3835 0.0126-j0.0073 -0.0126-j0.0073

Z012 = -0.0126-j0.0073 0.1522+j0.3999 -0.0251+j0.0145

0.0126-j0.0073 0.0251+j0.0145 0.1522+j0.3999

Application of Sequence Impedance Matrix

50 km

I1
r = 0.16/km 5m

R1 = 8 Ohm 2m I2
R2 = 8 Ohm
R3 = 8 Ohm I3
V = 80 V
 Current through un-transposed line
36.3887 16.4190 15.3620

Xabc = 16.4190 36.3887 19.2976

  15.3620 19.2976 36.3887

  0.03665 -0.01159 -0.00932

Xabc-1 -0.01159 0.04190 -0.01733

  -0.00932 -0.01733 0.04061

Ia 0.03665 -0.01159 -0.00932 80

Ib = -0.01159 0.04190 -0.01733 X 80
Ic -0.00932 -0.01733 0.04061 80

Ia 1.258575
Ib = 1.038553
Ic 1.116394
 Current through un-transposed line
36.3887 16.4190 15.3620

Xabc = 16.4190 36.3887 19.2976

  15.3620 19.2976 36.3887

From
0.0000 + j70.4411 0.3051 - j1.1357 -0.3051 - j1.1357 I012 = X012-1*V012
X012 = -0.3051 - j1.1357 0.0000 + j19.3625 -0.6103 + j2.2714 And
0.3051 - j1.1357 0.6103 + j2.2714 0.0000 + j19.3625
Iabc = A*I012
I0 0.0000 + j0.014223 0.000281 - j0.000755 -0.000281 - j0.000755
80
I1 = -0.000281 - j0.000755 0.0000 + j0.052465 -0.001682 + j0.006115 X 0
I2 0.000281 - j0.000755 0.001682 + j0.006115i 0.0000 + j0.052465 0

I0 1.137843 1.138∟00.0 Ia 1.2586

I1 = 0.0604 - j0.0225 Or AND Ib = 1.0386
0.064∟-20.4
I2 1.1164
0.0604 + j0.0225 0.064∟20.4 Ic
 What is special about sequence impedance matrix

0.7552 0.3459 0.3029

Zabc =  0.3459 0.7552 0.3459
  0.3029 0.3459 0.7552

For a 132kV 50Hz, 0.2 ACSR, Vertical

Single Circuit Line Without Earth Wire

1.4157 0.0145 0.0145

Z012 =  0.0145 0.4279 0.0290
  0.0145 0.0290 0.4279

Off diagonal elements are negligible indicates that there is minimum

mutual coupling if we use symmetrical component analysis
 Short-circuit currents by using X0

Ia 1.2586
Ib = 1.0386 And Iavg = 1.137
Ic 1.1164

0.0000 + j70.4411 0.3051 - j1.1357 -0.3051 - j1.1357

X012 = -0.3051 - j1.1357 0.0000 + j19.3625 -0.6103 + j2.2714

0.3051 - j1.1357 0.6103 + j2.2714 0.0000 + j19.3625

Ia ≈ Ib ≈ Ic ≈ I0 = V0/X0 = 80/70.44 = 1.136