ARCHITECTURE &

TOWN PLANNING

Capt Lala Rukh

Course Plan – ARCH 305

 COURSE CODE: ARCH 305

 COURSE NAME: ARCHITECTURE & TOWN
PLANNING
 CREDIT HOURS: 2 (theory) + 0 (practical) = 2

 CONTACT HOURS: 32 (theory) + 0 (practical) = 32

 PREREQUISITES: Nil
 MODE OF TEACHING: Lectures and Problem Solving
Activities
Course Plan – ARCH 305

 ASSESSMENT SYSTEM:
Type of Exam % age weight
Sessional 50%
o Assignments 10%
o Quizzes 15%
o MSE Exam 25%
Final 50%
Total 100%
 TOPICS COVERED
Week Topic Covered Reading Assignment/ CLO No. PLO No. Assessment Learning Level of
Home Work Methodology Domain Learning
1-6
1 An overview of historical development from earliest examples Lecture : 01    
  of human settlement to 21st century post-modern era.    
1 3 2
     
     

HISTORY
2,3 Focused study of history of Islamic architecture while       2
exploring the factors related to its emergence/development. Lecture : 02      
Key features of Islamic architecture as seen in Islamic   1 3      
countries.      
PBL Activity-1      
4 Study & Analysis of geographical climatic, politico religious, Lecture: 03 1     2
socio-cultural issues influencing architecture. Quiz-1        
  Assignment-1   3 Assignments,    
  Quizzes, OHT,    
  Formative Cognitive  
5,6 Enhancement of aesthetic aspects in architecture as control on Lecture: 04   Assessments,  
proportion, scale, balance, texture to achieve strength, vitality,   1   ESE   2
grace, truth & beauty.     3  
PBL Activity-2 (LL-3)    
   
7 Study of use of materials both for construction as well as Lecture; 05  

synthetic polymers and ceramics. AESTHATICS

finishing of surfaces e.g. stone, wood, metal, concrete,  
 Assignment 2
1 3
 

2
8 Development of building. Forms by study & analysis of walls, Lecture: 06  
openings, roofs & their development, frame structure    
2 3
buildings, mouldings / decorative cement, sun control devices.   3,7
 
OHT-1 / Midterm   
 TOPICS COVERED
Week Topic Covered Reading Assignment/ CLO No. PLO No. Assessment Learning Level of
Home Work Methodology Domain Learning
1-6
9 Definitions, trends in urban growth, objective of town Lecture: 07 2      
planning and study of modern trends.          
3
Preliminary studies related to natural/economic resources     7    
effecting Architecture & Town Planning.      
10,11 Legal and administrative issues, city survey & prep of different Lecture: 07    
2
type of maps/studies.      
    3
  Quiz-2    
  7  
PBL Activity-3 (LL-3)      
 
     
 
   
12 Zoning and land use patterns-various theories. Location of Lecture: 08      
parks/open green spaces, recreational areas, public/semi-public  

PLANNING
  Assignments,  
buildings, hierarchy of commercial/shopping, community   2
  Quizzes, OHT,  
centres. School, health care facilities, industrial & residential Assignment 3 3
  Formative Cognitive
areas.     2
7 Assessments,  
ESE  
13 Street patterns-different concepts and layouts. Lecture: 09 2    
City extensions as suburban developments, concept of       3
neighbourhood units, satellite towns and garden city. Quiz-3  
   
7 
1 3 
 
14 Urban planning issues related to inner city urban design & Lecture: 09
emergency/upgrading of squatter settlements. 2 7 3
Assignment 4
15 End semester exam  
   
3
2 3,7
LECTURE-1
LEARNING LEVEL-1

ARCHITECTURE
AN OVERVIEW
Historical development from earliest examples of human
settlements to 21st century post-modern era.
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE

Traces the changes in

Design of various building types &
functions
Structure
Construction methods, and
Other architectural elements (Doors,
Windows, Materials etc)
THROUGH
NEED TO STUDY HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE
 EARLY BEGINNINGS
THE NEED FOR SHELTER

 Caves are the earliest forms of

known winter shelters.
 The need to survive the harsh
summer climates may have lead
to the earliest form of tents made
from large tree leaves, stones and
tree branches.
 Later periods are marked by the
evolution of such temporary
structures into relatively
permanent and more reliable
forms like formations of small
stones attached with mud mortar.
EARLY BEGINNINGS
EVOLUTION - THE FIRST SETTLEMENT
THE ADVENT OF CIVILIZATIONS

• Mesopotamia ( 5000 BC )
• Egypt ( 3500 BC )
• India ( 2400 BC )
MESOPOTAMIA
(5000 BC)
 MESOPOTAMIA
(5000 BC)

 The ziggurats were brick-built

temple-mounds, taking the form of
a layered platform. They resembled
step pyramids with a flat roof, on
which a shrine would be built.
Access to this shrine was by a
broad staircase or ramp.
 These would form the focal point
of a town around which the rest of
the town was built.
 Constructing these great buildings
demanded high level design and
engineering skills.
EGYPT
(3500 BC)
 EGYPT
(3500 BC)

• The pyramids are astounding

creations but they bear little
relation to anything in
subsequent human history. By
contrast the temples of ancient
Egypt, almost as impressive in
their scale, stand at the start of a
lasting tradition in architecture.
• Early pyramids (Mastabas) were
built of brick while later were
built of stone.
• Post and lintel system was
employed exclusively and
produced the earliest stone
columnar buildings.
EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE
(3500 BC)
Mastabas

Step Pyramids

Straight Pyramids
 ARCHITECTURAL SIMILARITIES
MESOPOTAMIA & EGYPT

 Both are characterized by

monumental constructions.

 Sun-dried mud brick is the

building block of man's first
monumental buildings - the
ziggurats (or temples) of
Mesopotamia and the Mastabas
(or early tombs) of Egypt.
 ANCIENT GREECE
(7th-5th CENTURY BC )
 After generations of experimentations with buildings of limited variety the
Greeks gave to the simple post and lintel system the purest, most perfect
expression it was to attain.
 Slimming the fat pillars of Egyptian architecture, formalizing the decoration,
introducing better balance and proportion.
 The pillar, with a decorated top or 'capital', supporting a horizontal cross beam
was taken from Egypt.

THE FIVE GREEK

 THE POST AND LINTEL SYSTEM
FIVE GREEK CLASSICAL ORDERS OF
ARCHITECTURE

CAPITA
L

SHAFT

BASE
 PARTHENON-THE TEMPLE
447-438 BC

 Parthenon is a temple of pre

dominantly Doric order with
elements of ionic order being used
in the centre of the building.
 A temple built for the Goddess
Athena the Parthenon was part of
the acropolis complex.
 It comprised of huge limestone
foundations with marble stone
columns used for the first time in
history.
 Parthenon was conceived as a
theatrical event with the
movements of the viewer in mind
as they move around and through.

Temple to Athena at the Acropolis -The Parthenon

PARTHENON-THE TEMPLE
447-438 BC

PARTHENON THE FACADE

PLAN
 THE GREEK THEATRE

 An exclusively Greek contribution to

architectural history is the raked
auditorium for watching theatrical
performances.
 It comprised of a circular stage with
tiers of seats separated by aisles, all
built initially in stone.

THE THEATRE OF
 ANCIENT ROME
( 200 BC )

 It combined the Greek and Asian

elements like columns and arches.
 Invented concrete, hence the
construction of arch, vaults and large
domes like the pantheon.
 A vault is a deep arch, while dome is a
collection of arches all sharing the same
centre.
 It has far greater capabilities than the
lintel, for it can combine many smaller
units (of stone or brick) to make a
greater whole.
 A Roman brick arch can span 50 yards as
compared to a Greek lintel which could
span only 7 yards.

REPETITION OF ARCHES FORMING
VAULTS
An arch reduces the need for additional vertical supports and thus can attain maximum span as compared to a simple beam structure.

z
• Maximum span is due to
unique flow of internal
forces and force the arch
exerts on the
ground/abutment called the
arch thrust.

Arch’s flow of internal forces

 FIVE TYPE OF ARCHES

Pointed Semi Circular Segmental Bucket Corbelled

ELEMENTS OF ROMAN
ARCHITECTURE
 PANTHEON-THE CHURCH
(120 AD)

PANTHEON PLAN

PANTHEON CROSS
SECTION
PANTHEON-THE CHURCH
(120 AD)
 ANCIENT ROME

 Roman bridges
 Roman aqueducts

THE ROMAN ALCANTARA BRIDGE SPAIN

AQUEDUCT
 THE CHRISTIAN ERA-EVOLUTION OF
STYLES
(ROMANESQUE )
( 11th- 13th CENTURY)

 Inspired by Roman architecture,

having rounded arches and
columns.
 Romanesque buildings were
monumental, supported by
massive walls, and had very
small windows.
 Wooden roofs were replaced by
ceilings which were constructed
with barrel and cross vaulting.

1. Barrel vault
2. Cross vault
 THE CHRISTIAN ERA-EVOLUTION OF
STYLES )
(ROMANESQUE
( 11th- 13th CENTURY)

 Examples are Rotunda and

Basilica and French monastery in
Cluny.

The French monastery

 THE CHRISTIAN ERA-EVOLUTION OF
STYLES
(GOTHIC)
(12th-15th CENTURY)
 Gothic architecture began mainly
in France, where architects were
inspired by Romanesque
architecture and the pointed
arches of Spanish Moorish
architecture. It's easy to
recognise Gothic buildings
because of their arches, ribbed
vaulting, flying buttresses ,
elaborate sculptures (like
gargoyles) and stained glass
windows.
 They marked it as “Gothic” to
suggest it was the crude work of
German barbarians (Goths) as it
was out of fashion.

St Patrick’s cathedral
 KEY GOTHIC FEATURES

Ribbed vault Flying buttress A Gargoyle

ELEMENTS OF ARCHITECTURE
 THE CHRISTIAN ERA-EVOLUTION OF
STYLES
(RENAISSANCE)
(15th-17th CENTURY)
 Age of awakening.
 The symmetrical and well-
balanced buildings of Greece and
Rome were copied.
 The buildings lost the Gothic
vertical dimension but gained
range. Other features were
columns, arches and domes as well
as harmonious arrangements of
doors and windows.
 St. Peter's Basilica in Vatican and
the Louvre museum in Paris are
examples of Renaissance
architecture.
 THE CHRISTIAN ERA-EVOLUTION OF
STYLES
(BAROQUE)
(17th-19th CENTURY)
 Used Renaissance terms in more artistic fashion.
 Complicated decorations, paintings and contrasts between light and shadow.
 Baroque looks different in different countries.
 Irregular shapes, huge domes, and extravagant ornamentations inside out.
 Trevi Fountain in Rome and St. Paul's Cathedral in London are examples of
baroque architecture.
 THE CHRISTIAN ERA-EVOLUTION OF
STYLES
(THE 19
TH
CENTURY ECLECTICISM )
 A mix-up of various styles.
 Encompass a bewildering range of
other historical styles - Egyptian,
Byzantine, Romanesque, Venetian
Gothic and Muslim Indian.
 Only one feature of 19th-century
architecture is entirely new in the
west - the use of cast iron which
formed the basis for the modular
steel frame tradition of the later
20th century construction.

Eifel tower France

NEW WORLD-MODERN ARCHITECTURE
THE EARLY 2OTH CENTURY

LESS IS MORE
A theory by Mies van der Rohe, it proposes “less is more”
aesthetic, strict geometry, a lack of ornamentation and exposed
functionality.
 MODERN ARCHITECTURE

 A world reshaped by science,

industry and speed
 Characterized by simplicity of
form and absence of applied
decoration.
 The norm of “Form follows
function – Modernistic ethic”
was given
 Truth to materials, meaning that
the natural appearance of a
material should not be concealed.
 Use of industry made materials. Falling Water by Frank Lloyd
Wright
NEW WORLD- POST MODERNISM
THE LATER 2OTH CENTURY

LESS IS BORE
A theory by Robert Venture that emphasized “less is a bore” and
hence called for more richness and ambiguity.
 NEW WORLD-POST MODERNISM
THE LATER 2OTH CENTURY

 It was a movement started in

response to the simplicity of
modernist architecture.
 More richness of the past
combined with modern
functionalism.
 Complexity and contradiction of
form.
 Un expected touches to the
building that go against
convention but look appealing.
 TODAY
THE 21st CENTURY

• Today is an era of contemporary architecture. Contemporary means

something which is happening at the present.
• It is spread globally and no single approach is dominant as work is
being in process in multiple styles.
• It’s a revolutionary age regarding research and inventions of best
possible materials functionally , aesthetically and the ones that suits
the respective regions
 CLASS ASSIGNMENT
1. What comes to your mind when you think of architecture or when you hear the
word architecture.

2. Which building inspire you the most and why?

3. What do you think is the difference between architecture and civil engineering ?

4. What was it like for you to grow up in your city/town when it was expanding ?
Share your experience!

5. When do certain architectural objects become an element of art?

6. State one good reason behind the importance of having information regarding the
history of built structures in architecture?

Time Aval : 30 min