BILIARY SYSTEM

BILIARY SYSTEM
• Bile is a complex fluid secreted by the liver and
consists of organic molecules in an alkaline
solution.
• The biliary tract consists of a series of ducts
that convey bile from the liver to the
duodenum.
 BILIARY SYSTEM
Bile has three functions:
1. It facilitates the assimilation of dietary lipid;
2. It provides a pathway to excrete hydrophobic
molecules
3. It assists in neutralizing gastric acid because
it is an alkaline solution.
 BILE FORMATION
• Bile that emerges from the liver in the hepatic
ducts is called hepatic bile and is a combination
of canalicular bile and ductular bile.
• Hepatocytes secrete canalicular bile, isotonic
fluid, together with organic molecules :
– bile salts, cholesterol,
– phospholipids, &
– bile pigments.
 BILE ACID
• Bile acids are the most abundant organic
molecules (70%) of bile. Amphipathic
molecules.
• Primary bile acids : cholic acid and
chenodeoxycholic acid, conjugated with either
glycine or taurine  glycocholate and
taurocholate.
• Secondary bile acids : deoxycholic acid,
lithocholic acid.
 Micelle
• Bile salts interact to form aggregates known as
micelles.
• The micelle provides a polar outer shell, which
interacts with water, and a hydrophobic inner
region. Long-chain fatty acids, cholesterol, and
other hydrophobic molecules readily dissolve
inside the micelles.
 PHOSPOLIPID & CHOLESTEROL
• The primary bile includes phospholipids,
which are secreted by hepatocytes (20% of
the organic molecules in bile).
• Phospholipid + bile salts  mixed micelles,
which have a greater capacity to dissolve
other hydrophobic molecules than do bile
salts alone.
 PHOSPOLIPID & CHOLESTEROL
• Cholesterol, which is secreted by hepatocytes
into canalicular bile
• Constitutes about 4% of the biliary solids.
• Cholesterol is very hydrophobic and must be at
the center of a micelle to be dissolved in
aqueous solutions.
• Other organic components of bile include bile
pigments and a range of proteins.
 ENTEROHEPATIC CIRCULATION OF BILE
ACIDS
• The enterohepatic circulation is a circuit in
which solutes are secreted by the liver only to
be returned to the liver via intestinal
reabsorption.
• Enterohepatic recycling is physiologically
important for bile salts and bile acids because
the bile acid pool is not large enough to
assimilate the lipid content of a typical meal
 ENTEROHEPATIC CIRCULATION OF BILE
ACIDS
Molecules in the enterohepatic circulation are:
1. Secreted into bile by hepatocytes.
2. Delivered to the small intestine via the biliary
tract.
3. Reabsorbed from the small intestine.
4. Returned to the liver via the portal venous
system to become available again for uptake
and secretion by hepatocytes.
Choleresis
 GALLBLADDER
• The gallbladder is a blind outpouching of the
biliary tree. It is a distensible muscular organ
with a capacity of only 20–50 mL.
• The function of the gallbladder is to store and
concentrate bile between meals and to eject
bile into the duodenum during the digestion
of a meal.
 GALLBLADDER
• During the interdigestive phase, the
gallbladder is relaxed and the sphincter of
Oddi is contracted, promoting storage of
hepatic bile in the gallbladder.
• Contraction of the gallbladder during the
intestinal phase of a meal delivers the
maximum amount of bile into the small
intestine at the time when nutrients are
present.
The control of the gallbladder
Salt and fluid absorption in Gallbladder
 Learning Task
1. Describe the synthesis of bile salt, it’s fuction and
factors that influence it’s secretion !
2. What is choleresis ? Explain its rule !
3. Explain the enterohepatic circulation and its clinical
implication !
4. Make a resume of the HEPATOBILIARY SYSTEM (200
words)!
Each group send the worksheet via e mail, to :
adiarthagriadhi@gmail.com by 2 pm.