Research

Methodology
3rd Meeting
 Variable

Any characteristic which is subject to change and can have more than one
value such as age, intelligence, motivation, gender, etc.

Simply refers to a person, place, thing, or phenomenon that you are trying to
measure in some way.

A variable is a concept or abstract idea that can be described in measurable

terms.

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 Independent and Dependent Variables

These two variables that are interrelated and mainly observed in

correlational and experimental studies.

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 Independent Variable

 It is a stimulus or activity or manipulation by the researcher to create the

effect on the dependent variables.
 An independent variable is defines as the variable that is changed or
controlled in a scientific experiment. It represents the cause or reason for
an outcome.
 A change in the independent variable directly causes a change in the
dependent variable. The effect on the dependent variable is measured and
recorded.
 Variable affected by the independent variable
 It responds to the independent variable.

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 Dependent Variable

 It is the outcome or response due to effect of the independent variables

which researcher want to predict or explain.
 Variable that is presumed to influence other variable
 It is the presumed cause, whereas the dependent variable is the presumed
effect.

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Variable

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 Variable

▪ The effect of learning motivation toward speaking skills

▪ Improving speaking skill through Speech
▪ NUMBERED-HEAD-TOGETHER Strategy toward reading
comprehension

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 Research Question/Formulation of Problem

▪ Focus on what do you want to find out.

▪ To help the researcher to stay on track.

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 Research Question/Formulation of Problem

Problem  Solution

▪ Is there any influence of animation movie toward students speaking

ability?
▪ Is there any significant influence of songs toward students vocabulary
mastery?

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 Research Question/Formulation of Problem

Problem  Dig Deeper

▪ What are the cause of students’ pronunciation difficulty

▪ How is the implementation of Numbered-Head-Together in reading

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 Hypothesis

“Hypotheses are single tentative guesses, good hunches – assumed for use in
devising theory or planning experiments intended to be given a direct
experimental test when possible”. (Eric Rogers, 1966).

“Hypothesis is a formal statement that presents the expected relationship

between an independent and dependent variable.” (Creswell, 1994)

“A hypothesis can be defined as a tentative explanation of the research

problem, a possible outcome of the research, or an educated guess about the
research outcome.” (Sarantakos, 1993: 1991)

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 Nature of Hypothesis

The hypothesis is a clear statement of what is intended to be investigated. It

should be specified before research is conducted and openly stated in
reporting the results.

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 Purposes of Hypothesis

To:
▪ Identify the research objectives
▪ Identify the key abstract concepts involved in the research
▪ Identify its relationship to both the problem statement and the literature
review

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 Types of Hypothesis

Working hypothesis (Ha)

To explain the relationship between some observed facts.
Examples:
▪ Population influence the numbers of bank branch
▪ Education effect the social norm
▪ Science university influence the invention of the country

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 Types of Hypothesis

Null Hypothesis

Against the working hypothesis; opposes the statement of the working

hypothesis .

Examples:

▪ Population have no influence on the numbers of bank branches

▪ Education does not affect social norm

▪ Science university have no influence / impact on invention of the 15

country.
 Formulating Hypothesis

▪ A tentative answer to the formulation of the problem (research

question) is called a hypothesis.

▪ Changing the formulation of the problem (research question) into a

statement.

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 Types of Hypothesis

Exp:
Research Question: Is there any significant influence of songs toward
students vocabulary mastery?
▪ Alternative Hypothesis (Ha): There is a significant influence of songs
toward students’ vocabulary mastery
▪ Null Hypothesis (H0): There is no significant influence of songs toward
students’ vocabulary mastery

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 Types of Hypothesis

Exp:
Is there any influence of animation movie toward students speaking ability?
▪ Ha: There is an influence of animation movie toward
students speaking ability.
▪ Ho: There is no influence of animation movie toward
students speaking ability.

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 Exercise

Determine the variable, research question, and

hypothesis.

The Influence of Guided Questions Technique towards

Students’ Writing Skill of Descriptive Text at the First
Semester of the Eighth Grade Students’ of SMP
Perintis 2 Bandar Lampung in the academic year of
2017/2018
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THANKS!
Any questions?
You can find me at:

Pusat Pengembangan Bahasa (PPB) UIN RIL

08117997688
agushidayat@radenintan.ac.id
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