Republic of the Philippines

ISABELA STATE UNIVERSITY

Echague, Campus
 
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

Introduction to
DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
Compiled by:
Ralph Hajile B. Estrada
Instructor

Introduction to Differential Calculus 1

Introduction to Differential Calculus 2
COURSE OUTLINE

Introduction to Differential Calculus 3

 COURSE OUTLINE
Prelims
 Functions and Limits  Chain Rule
 Continuity  General Power Rule
 Derivative  Higher Derivatives
 Slope  Implicit Functions
 Rate of Change

Introduction to Differential Calculus 4

 COURSE OUTLINE
Midterm
 Polynomial Curves  Derivatives of Logarithmic
Functions
 Applications of the Derivative
 Derivatives of Exponential
 The Differential Functions
 Derivatives of Trigonometric  Derivatives of Hyperbolic
Functions Functions
 Derivatives of Inverse
Trigonometric Functions

Introduction to Differential Calculus 5

 COURSE OUTLINE
Finals  Parametric Equations
 Solutions to Equations
 Curve Tracing
 Partial Differentiation

Introduction to Differential Calculus 6

GRADING SYSTEM

Introduction to Differential Calculus 7

 GRADING SYSTEM
Attendance 5%
Problem Set 20 %
Quiz 10 %
Prelims 15 %
Midterm Exam 25 %
Final Exam 25 %
Total 100 %

Introduction to Differential Calculus 8

CLASSROOM
POLICIES

Introduction to Differential Calculus 9

 CLASSROOM POLICIES
Observance of Health Protocols

• Everybody who is entering the campus and classroom premises is

required to wear a face mask – NO FACE MASK, NO ENTRY POLICY

• Observe at all times, in all places and in all transactions, social /

physical distancing of at least 1 meter apart as advocated by the
Department of Health.

• Crowd gathering of more than five (5) persons is restricted.

Introduction to Differential Calculus 10
 CLASSROOM POLICIES
Uniform and Dress code

• Students should be in proper uniform, wear should ID and

appropriate shoes expect during laboratory class.

• On Wednesday, hip-hop dresses and get-ups are not allowed, e.g.

shorts, slippers, spaghetti strap, earrings for males, etc.

• PE uniforms should be worn only during PE class.

Introduction to Differential Calculus 11

 CLASSROOM POLICIES
Taking Examination

• Cheating and copying are strictly prohibited. When caught during

quizzes and long/units exams, deduction of points will be imposed by
the teacher and during midterm or final exam. Means a grade of 5.0 in
the subject.

• Borrowing of calculators and other exam paraphernalia is not

allowed during exam.

Introduction to Differential Calculus 12

 CLASSROOM POLICIES
Taking Examination

• During prelim, midterm, and final exam, only test papers answer
sheets, permits, calculators, pens, pencils and erasers are allowed on
the desk; other things should be deposited on a place designated by
the teacher.

• Other policies will be imposed as deemed necessary and as agreed

upon between the students and the subject professor.

Introduction to Differential Calculus 13

 CLASSROOM POLICIES
Other Policies

• Cellphone should be shut-off or in silent mode during class hours.

• Chairs should be arranged before leaving the classroom.

• Vandalism is strictly prohibited and punishable.

• No Smoking within the school premises.

• Students under the influence of liquor are not allowed inside the
school compound.
Introduction to Differential Calculus 14
 CLASSROOM POLICIES
Other Policies

• Any form of deadly weapons should not be brought to school except

cleaning/cutting tolls during cleanup days and laboratory classes.

• Unnecessary noise to the point of creating disturbances is prohibited.

• Proper grooming should be observed at all times, e.g. short and

undyed hair for males.

• Other policies will be strictly imposed as contained in the student

manual.
Introduction to Differential Calculus 15
EXAMS & QUIZZES

Introduction to Differential Calculus 16

 EXAMS & QUIZZES
• Quizzes and Exams will be conducted online using google forms.

• There will be a deadline for submitting answers on online quizzes

and exams (5 hours from time of releasing); still negotiable.

• Solutions will also be collected via e-mail or pick-up point.

• Online Outputs = 50 % ; Physical Outputs = 50 %

• On exams, do vacate your schedule on our class schedule.

Introduction to Differential Calculus 17

REFERENCES
Differential and Integral Calculus
by Love, C.E. Ph.D, Rainville E.D. Ph.D

Calculus with Analytic Geometry

by Thurman S. Peterson

Introduction to Differential Calculus 18

Introduction to Differential Calculus 19
Introduction to Differential Calculus 20
FUNCTIONS

Introduction to Differential Calculus 21

 DEFINITION OF A FUNCTION
•
 
When two quantities and are related.

Example: The six trigonometric functions: 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙, 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙, 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙, 𝒆𝒕𝒄.

The square root:
The linear polynomial:
The quadratic polynomial

• In the examples above, for a certain value of , there is a corresponding

value of . Therefore, we can say that is a function of .
• For convenience, we can also use any letter or constants to determine
functions. (ex. Area (A) is a function of its side (s).)
Introduction to Differential Calculus 22
 Examples of Functions
 
“When two quantities and are related. “

• Since the implication of the above definition is that depends on , we call

the dependent variable or function and the independent variable.

 
“When two quantities are related. “

Introduction to Differential Calculus 23

 DEFINITION OF A FUNCTION
•
 
In the examples above, for a certain value of , there is a corresponding
value of . Therefore, we can say that is a function of .
• It is frequently desirable, particularly in the development of the
theory, to work with a large class of functions rather than with a
specific one. Therefore, we use a symbol such as , which is read “f of
x”, to denote a function of x. We write

• For other variables:

Introduction to Differential Calculus 24

 EXAMPLE 1 (FUNCTIONS)
 
A right triangle has a fixed base of length 7. Express the
length of the altitude “𝑎” of the triangle as a function of
the length of the hypothenuse “ℎ”.

Solution:
h
By Pythagorean Theorem, we get: a

We are required to express the altitude as a function of

. So, 7

Introduction to Differential Calculus 25

 EXAMPLE 2 (FUNCTIONS)
   
Let . Find:

Introduction to Differential Calculus 26

 EXAMPLE 3 (FUNCTIONS)
 
Let . Find:

a.

Introduction to Differential Calculus 27

GRAPH OF A FUNCTION

Introduction to Differential Calculus 28

 GRAPH OF A FUNCTION
•
 
The function is a half parabola:

• We only plot the half parabola because

the possible values for the side of a
square are only positive values; clearly, a
square cannot have a negative value side.

Introduction to Differential Calculus 29

 GRAPH OF A FUNCTION
•
 
The function has the graph shown in the
figure.

• In this function, the value of h cannot be

less than 7.
• Another way to say it is that, the value of
cannot be less than 49 for this will result
in an imaginary number.

• So the only possible values for h are

numbers greater than 7.

Introduction to Differential Calculus 30

CLASSIFICATIONS
OF FUNCTIONS

Introduction to Differential Calculus 31

 CLASSIFICATIONS OF FUNCTIONS
Integral
Rational
Algebraic Fractional
Irrational
Trigonometric &
FUNCTION Inverse
Trigonometric
Elementary
Transcendental Exponential &
Higher Logarithmic

Introduction to Differential Calculus 32

 ONE-VALUED AND MANY VALUED FUNCTIONS
 
ONE VALUED/ SINGLE VALUED FUNCTIONS

• When the relation y=f(x) is such that there is

only one value of y for each admissible x, then
f(x) is said to be a one-valued function of x.

• Graphically this means that if the function is

defined for , the vertical line intersects the
curve in one and only one point.

Introduction to Differential Calculus 33

 ONE-VALUED AND MANY VALUED FUNCTIONS
 
MANY VALUED

• Frequently, however, the law connecting and

determines two or more values of , in general
distinct, for each value of .
• Say that there are n values of y corresponding
to each value of . It is then possible to group
the values of so as to form distinct one-
valued function, called the branches of the
original function. The graph consists of
branches (not necessarily disconnected),
each of which is met by the line in exactly
one point.
Introduction to Differential Calculus 34
 ONE-VALUED AND MANY VALUED FUNCTIONS
 
MANY VALUED

• The equation,

defines a two-valued function whose

branches are

Introduction to Differential Calculus 35

 THE SQUARE ROOT
•
 
Although every positive number of course has two square roots, one
positive, one negative, by universal agreement the radical sign (or its
equivalent the exponent ½) is taken to mean invariably the positive
root.
Example:

Introduction to Differential Calculus 36

 THE SQUARE ROOT
•
 
The graph of the function is not
the 45° line but the two “half-
lines” of Figure 5.

Introduction to Differential Calculus 37

 THE ABSOLUTE VALUE SYMBOL
•
 
The symbol |x|, which may be read “absolute value of x”, is defined by

• Example:

• The absolute value of a number means the magnitude of the number

regardless of its algebraic sign.

• Example:

Introduction to Differential Calculus 38

 THE ABSOLUTE VALUE SYMBOL
•
 
The graph of the curve is that shown in Figure 5.

• When graphing functions inside the absolute value, you only reflect
the graph of the function to the other side of the cartesian plane.

Introduction to Differential Calculus 39

 PROBLEM SET 1
• For your first problem set, answer Assessment Task no. 1 – 17 on
Module 1.
• Write your solutions in a letter size/short /8.5” x 11” bond paper.
• Deadline will be on Saturday (September 12, 2020) at 12:00 Noon.

Introduction to Differential Calculus 40

Introduction to Differential Calculus 41