UNIT 1-2

REVIEW
VII – VIII LEVELS
Mgs. Sandra Reyes.
 What's the difference?
Present Simple and Present Continuous
Present Simple Present Continuous
Things which are happening at the moment of speaking:
Things which are always true: The water is boiling now, so you can put in the pasta.
Water boils at 100 degrees.
Temporary situations:
Permanent situations (or nearly permanent; true for a few years at least): Julie is living in Paris for a few months (usually she lives in London).
Julie lives in London.
Situations which are slowly changing:
I'm getting better and better at speaking English.

Temporary or new habits:

Habits or things we do regularly: I'm drinking too much coffee these days because I'm so busy at work.
I drink coffee every morning.
Annoying habits (usually with 'always'):
My flatmate is always leaving the kitchen in a mess!
Future events which are part of a timetable:
My plane leaves at eight tonight.
Definite future plans:
To talk about the future after certain words ('when' 'until' 'after' 'before' 'as soon I'm meeting John after class today.
as'):
I'll call you when I get home.

To talk about what happens in books, plays and films: To talk about people in pictures and photos:
At the end of the book, the detective catches the killer. In this photo, my mother is walking beside a lake.
PRESENT PERFECT - SIMPLE PRESENT
We use the present form to talk about things generally.
We use have/has + -en to talk about specific experiences (results we have in the present).
 
 What's the difference?
Present Perfect and Past Simple
Present Perfect Simple Past Simple

Unfinished actions that started in the past and continue to the Finished actions:
present: I knew Julie for ten years (but then she moved away and we lost
I've known Julie for ten years (and I still know her). touch).

A finished action in someone's life (when the person is still alive:

A finished action in someone's life (when the person is dead):
life experience):
My great-grandmother went to Mexico three times.
My brother has been to Mexico three times.

A finished action with a result in the present: A finished action with no result in the present:
I've lost my keys! (The result is that I can't get into my house I lost my keys yesterday. It was terrible! (Now there is no result.
now). I got new keys yesterday).

With an unfinished time word (this week, this month, today): With a finished time word (last week, last month, yesterday):
I've seen John this week. I saw John last week.
Remember:

 We use the past simple for past events or actions which have
no connection to the present.

 We use the present perfect for actions which started in the

past and are still happening now OR for finished actions which
have a connection to the present.

 We CAN'T use the present perfect with a finished time word:

NOT: I've been to the museum yesterday.

Infinitive Past Simple Past Participle
be was / were been
become became become
begin began begun
bring brought brought
buy bought bought
choose chose chosen
come came come
do did done
drink drank drunk
drive drove driven
eat ate eaten
fall fell fallen
feel felt felt
find found found
fly flew flown
forget forgot forgotten
get got got (gotten in USA)
give gave given
go went gone
have had had
hear heard heard
keep kept kept
know knew known
leave left left
lend lent lent
let let let
lose lost lost
 TAG QUESTIONS
Tag questions (or question tags) turn a statement into a question. They are
often used for checking information that we think we know is true.

Tag questions are made using an auxiliary verb (for example: be or have) and
a subject pronoun (for example: I, you, she).

Negative question tags are usually contracted: It's warm today, isn't it (not 'is
it not')

Usually if the main clause is positive, the question tag is negative, and if the
main clause is negative, it's positive.

For example: It's cold (positive), isn't it (negative)?

And: It isn't cold (negative), is it (positive)?
 Postive sentences, with
negative tags
Present simple 'be' She's Italian, isn't she?
Present simple other verbs They live in London, don't they?
Present continuous We're working tomorrow, aren't we?
Past simple 'be' It was cold yesterday, wasn't it?
Past simple other verbs He went to the party last night, didn't he?
Past continuous We were waiting at the station, weren't we?
Present perfect They've been to Japan, haven't they?
Present perfect continuous She's been studying a lot recently, hasn't she?
Past perfect He had forgotten his wallet, hadn't he?
Past perfect continuous We'd been working, hadn't we?
Future simple She'll come at six, won't she?
Future continuous They'll be arriving soon, won't they?
Future perfect They'll have finished before nine, won't they?
Future perfect continuous She'll have been cooking all day, won't she?
Modals He can help, can't he?
Modals John must stay, mustn't he?
 Negative sentences, with positive tags
Present simple 'be' We aren't late, are we?
Present simple other verbs She doesn't have any children, does she?
Present continuous The bus isn't coming, is it?
Past simple 'be' She wasn't at home yesterday, was she?
Past simple other verbs They didn't go out last Sunday, did they?
Past continuous You weren't sleeping, were you?
Present perfect She hasn't eaten all the cake, has she?
Present perfect continuous He hasn't been running in this weather, has he?
Past perfect We hadn't been to London before, had we?
Past perfect continuous You hadn't been sleeping, had you?
Future simple They won't be late, will they?
Future continuous He won't be studying tonight, will he?
Future perfect She won't have left work before six, will she?
Future perfect continuous He won't have been travelling all day, will he?
Modals She can't speak Arabic, can she?
Modals They mustn't come early, must they?
 WHAT ARE REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS?
Reflexive pronouns are used when the OBJECT is the same as the SUBJECT. For example, in the sentence
"he hurt himself", he and himself refer to the same person.

Reflexive pronouns are also used for emphasis. In this case, they are referred to as intensive pronouns.
For example, in the sentence "I spoke to the president himself", the speaker emphasizes that he spoke to the
president personally NOT somebody else.

List of Reflexive pronouns

SUBJECT PRONOUNS REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS

I myself
you yourself
he himself
she herself
"I always do my homework myself. Nobody helps me." it itself
we ourselves
you yourselves
they themselves
'Used to + infinitive':
We use this expression to talk about habits or repeated actions in the past which we don't do in the present.
We also use it to talk about states in the past which are no longer true. For example:

•I used to have long hair (but now I have short hair).

•He used to smoke (but now he doesn't smoke).

•They used to live in India (but now they live in Germany).

Watch out! With the negative and the question it's 'use' and not 'used':

•Did you use to be a teacher?

•Did he use to study French?
She didn't use to like chocolate, but she does now.

•I didn't use to want to have a nice house.

Note! With this 'used to' there is no verb 'be'. We CAN'T say 'I am used to have long hair'.
 'Be used to':
We use 'be used to + verb-ing' to talk about things which feel normal for us or things that
we are accustomed to:

I'm used to getting up early, so I don't mind doing it (= getting up early is normal for me, it's what I
usually do).

Note that we make the negative or the question with the verb 'be' in the normal way. The 'used to' doesn't
change:
Lucy isn't used to staying up late, so she's very tired today.

We can also use 'be used to + noun', which has the same meaning:

I've lived in the UK almost all my life, so I'm used to rain (= rain is normal for me).
That football team always lose, so they're used to disappointment!

We can use 'get used to + verb-ing' to talk about the change of not normal to normal. We
can also use this in any tense:

Don't worry if your new job is hard at first. You'll get used to it.
It took me a while, but I got used to speaking another language every day.