Circuit Theory

(ECEG-1081)

Addis Ababa University

Addis Ababa Institute of Technology (AAiT)
School of Electrical & Computer Engineering
Instructor: Awraris Getachew
 Chapter Six
AC Power Analysis
Outlines
• Instantaneous and Average Power
• Maximum Average Power Transfer
• Effective or RMS Value
• Apparent Power and Power Factor
• Complex Power
• Power Factor Correction

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Instantaneous and Average Power
 The instantaneous power (in watts) is the power at
any instant of time
 The instantaneously power, ,
p (t )  v(t ) i (t )  Vm I m cos ( t   v ) cos ( t   i )
1 1
 Vm I m cos ( v   i )  Vm I m cos (2 t   v   i )
2 2
Constant power Sinusoidal power at 2wt

p(t) > 0: power is absorbed by the circuit; p(t) < 0: power is 3

Instantaneous and Average Power
 The average power, P in watt, is the average of the
instantaneous power over one period.

1 T 1
P
T  0
p (t ) dt  Vm I m cos ( v   i )
2
1. P is not time dependent.
2. When θv = θi , it is a purely
resistive load case.
3. When θv– θi = ±90o, it is a
purely reactive load case.
4. P = 0 means that the circuit
absorbs no average power.

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Instantaneous and Average Power
Example 1

Calculate the instantaneous power and average

power absorbed by a passive linear network if:

v(t )  80 cos (10 t  20)

i (t )  15 sin (10 t  60)

Answer: 385.7  600cos(20t  10)W, 385.7W

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Instantaneous and Average Power
 Example 2

A current I  10  30 flows through an impedance

Z  20  22Ω Find the average power delivered to
the impedance.

Answer: 927.2W

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Instantaneous and Average Power
Example 3
In the circuit shown below, calculate the average
power absorbed by the resistor and inductor. Find
the average power supplied by the voltage
source.

Answer: 3.84 kW, 0 W, 3.84 kW

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Maximum Average Power Transfer
ZTH  R TH  j X TH

ZL  R L  j X L

The maximum average power

can be transferred to the load if

XL = –XTH and RL = RTH

2
VTH
Pmax 
8 R TH
∗
𝑍
  𝐿 = 𝑅 𝐿 + 𝑗 𝑋 𝐿 = 𝑅𝑇h − 𝑗 𝑋 𝑇h =𝑍 𝑇h
  Maximum average power transfer, the load impedance must be equal to the
For
complex conjugate of the Thevenin impedance

If the load is purely real, then RL  2

R TH  X TH
2
 ZTH
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Instantaneous and Average Power
Example 4
For the circuit shown below, find the load impedance ZL that
absorbs the maximum average power. Calculate that
maximum average power.

Answer: 3.415 – j0.7317W, 1.429W

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 Effective or RMS Value
The total power dissipated by R is given by:
1 T R T 2
P  i Rdt   i dt  I eff2 R
2

T 0 T 0
while the power absorbed by the resistor in the dc
circuit is
T
1
Hence, Ieff is equal to: I eff 
T 
0
i 2 dt  I rms

The rms value is a constant itself which

depending on the shape of the function i(t).

The effective of a periodic current is the dc current that delivers the same
average power to a resistor as the periodic current.
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 Effective or RMS Value

The
  rms value of a sinusoid is given by:
  Im
I rms=
√2

The average power can be written in terms of

the rms values:

•
  The average power absorbed by a resistor becomes:
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Apparent Power and Power Factor
 Apparent Power, S, is the product of the r.m.s. values of
voltage and current.
 It is measured in volt-amperes or VA to distinguish it from the
average or real power which is measured in watts.

P  Vrms I rms cos (θ v  θ i )  S cos (θ v  θ i )

Apparent Power, S Power Factor, pf

 Power factor is the cosine of the phase difference between the
voltage and current. It is also the cosine of the angle of the
load impedance.

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Apparent Power and Power Factor

Purely resistive θv– θi = 0, Pf = 1 P/S = 1, all power are

load (R) consumed
Purely reactive θv– θi = ±90o, pf P = 0, no real power
load (L or C) consumption
=0
Resistive and θv– θi > 0 • Lagging p.f - inductive
reactive load load
(R and L/C)
θv– θi < 0 • Leading p.f - capacitive
load

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Apparent Power and Power Factor
 Calculate the power factor of the entire circuit of the given
figure as seen by the source. What is the average power
supplied by the source?

Answer: 0.936 lagging, 1.062 kW

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Complex Power
Complex power S is the product of the voltage and the
complex conjugate of the current:

V  Vm θ v I  I m θ i

1 
S  V I  Vrms I rms  θ v  θ i
2
S=
  𝑉 𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝐼 ∗𝑟𝑚𝑠

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 Complex Power
. 1
S  V I  Vrms I rms  θ v  θ i
2
 S  Vrms I rms cos (θ v  θ i )  j Vrms I rms sin (θ v  θ i )

S = P + j Q

•
  The magnitude of the complex power is the apparent power;
hence, the complex power is measured in volt-amperes (VA)

• The complex power may be expressed in terms of the load

impedance

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Complex Power
S  Vrms I rms cos (θ v  θ i )  j Vrms I rms sin (θ v  θ i )

S = P + j Q

P: is the average power in watts delivered to a load and it is

the only useful power.
Q: is the reactive power exchange between the source and
the reactive part of the load. It is measured in VAR.
•Q = 0 for resistive loads (unity pf).
•Q < 0 for capacitive loads (leading pf).
•Q > 0 for inductive loads (lagging pf).
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Complex Power
 S  Vrms I rms cos (θ v  θ i )  j Vrms I rms sin (θ v  θ i )

S = P + j Q

Apparent Power, S = |S| = Vrms*Irms = P  Q

2 2

Real power, P = Re(S) = S cos(θv – θi)

Reactive Power, Q = Im(S) = S sin(θv – θi)
Power factor, pf = P/S = cos(θv – θi)
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Complex Power
It is a standard practice to represent S, P, and Q in
the form of a triangle, known as the power triangle,
shown in the figure below
 S  Vrms I rms cos (θ v  θ i )  j Vrms I rms sin (θ v  θ i )

S = P + j Q

Power Triangle Impedance Triangle

Power Factor
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 Complex Power
For
   a load, Determine: (a) the complex
and apparent powers, (b) the real and reactive powers, and
(c) the power factor and the load impedance.

Answers:
 

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 Power Factor Correction
• Power factor correction is the process of increasing the
power factor of the power supply.

• Power factor correction is necessary for economic reason.

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Power Factor Correction

Q c = Q 1 – Q2
= P (tan θ1 - tan θ2)
= ωCV2rms

Q1 = S1 sin θ1 Qc P (tan θ1  tan θ 2 )

C  2
 2
= P tan θ1 ωVrms ω Vrms

Q2 = P tan θ2
P = S1 cos θ1 22
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Thank
You!!!
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