Instructional

Sytem Design
What is Instructional Design?

Instructional Design is defined as “a systematic

process that is employed to develop education and

training programs in a consistent and reliable fashion”.

In addition, it may be thought of as a framework for

developing modules or lessons that

o increase and enhance the possibility of learning

o makes the acquisition of knowledge and skill

more efficient, effective, and appealing,

o encourages the engagement of learners so that

they learn faster and gain deeper levels of

understanding
 Di f f e r e n c es Be t w ee n I ns t r u c t i o n a l De s i g n a n d

I ns t r uc t i ona l S ys t e m De s i g n

Instructional Design (ID) models differ from 

Instructional System Design (ISD) models in that ISD
models have a broad scope and typically divide the
instruction design process into the five phases of analysis,
design, development, implementation, and evaluation that is
often referred to as ADDIE
 Di f f e r e n c es Be t w ee n I ns t r u c t i o n a l De s i g n a n d
I ns t r uc t i ona l S ys t e m De s i g n

In addition, ISD models use both formative evaluations in all the

phases and a summative evaluation at the end of the process.

Examples of ISD models are ADDIE and the Dick and Carey model.

On the other hand, ID models are less broad in nature and mostly

focus on analysis and design, thus they normally go into much more

detail, especially in the design phase.

 S t r at egi e s of I ns t r u c t i o n a l De s i g n

There are three types of learning strategies in Instruction

Design — organizational, delivery, and management
(Reigeluth, 1983):

1. Organizational
Organizational strategies are broken down on the micro or
macro level so that the lesson may be properly arranged
and sequenced.
2 . De l i v e r y
Delivery strategies are concerned with the decisions that affect the
way in which information is transferred to the learners. Delivery is the
means of communicating and transferring a learning process to the
learners. For example, you can deliver a lesson in the classroom or
via e-learning. This is quite similar to the concept of media. Some
methods of delivery are:
- Social Learning and Social Media - Classrooms
- eLearning - Lecture
- mLearning - Video
3. Management
Management strategies involve the decisions and processes
that allow the learners to interact with the learning activities in
order that they may increase their knowledge and skills.
Some of the strategies are:
o Action Learning
o Boot Camp
o Fishbowls
o Lockstep
o Personalized System of Instruction
o Programmed Learning
 Should Instructional Design be called Learning
Design?

Recently, there has been a strong movement to call

Instructional Design “Learning Design,” with the premise that
this will focus the process more on the learners rather than
the content. However, others have criticized this because we
cannot design learning as it is the outcome of good
instruction, rather we can only design the instruction, which
is a process.
I n s t r uc t i o n a l Des i gn M odel s a n d T h e o r i e s

The major instructional design theories and/are models include:

o Gagné's Nine Steps of Instruction
o Merrill's First Principles of Instruction
o John Keller's ARCS model
o Merrill's Component Display Theory
o Reigeluth's Elaboration Theory
o Constructivism
o van Merriënboer's 4C/ID Model
o Rapid Instructional Design