Tissue Engineering &

Materials Processing

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 Replacements Parts

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 Features of Soft Tissues
 Multi-cellular
 Three-dimensional structures
 Multi-functional
 Takes cues from the
environment
 Blend in with surroundings

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 Tissue Engineering
Applies the principles of engineering and the life sciences
toward the development of biological substitutes that
restore, maintain, or improve tissue function.

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 Engineered Heart Patches and
Blood Vessels

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 Engineered
Engineered Skin
Skin

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 Tissue Scaffold Approach:

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 Scaffold Fabrication Methods

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Solvent Casting (I)
 Procedure:
Polymer is dissolved in a suitable solvent;
Poured into a mold and frozen;
 Solvent is then removed, leaving the polymer set in the desired shape.
Polymer concentration: 10-30%
 Advantages
Ease of fabrication, without the need of specialized equipment; Simple;
Inexpensive; Room Temperature, no effect on degradation behavior.
 Limitations
Limited to simple shapes -can be stacked;
Possible retention of toxic solvent within scaffold/ Can be overcome by
allowing scaffold fully dry and using vacuum to further remove.
Use solvent can denature proteins and other incorporated molecules.

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Solvent Casting (II)

 Flat Structures

 Tubular Conduits

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Spin casting/coating(A sub-type of
solvent casting)

 Form Ultrathin films (<5m). Polymer

concentration 5-20%.
 Non-stick, smooth surfaces (Glass coverslips;
Centrifugal forces
silicon wafers)

 Rotation speed
Acceleration Thickness of Film
1-5000 rpm
Spinning time
Vacuum
Solution viscosity
Solution density
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Leaching (I)—Particle
Leaching
Polymer solution Porogen(>70%): Salt, Sugar, Wax…..
Sieved Particles (Porogen)

Well mixed solution

Pour into Mold

Solvent Evaporation
Immerse into
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Leaching (II)—Ball Leaching

(Hexane)

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Leaching (III)—Fiber Leaching

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 Gas Foaming

 Route 1:
 Foam forming agent: Ammonium
Bicarbonate;
 Vacuum dry or immerse in water.
 Route 2:
 High pressure CO2 for long time
 Rapid decrease to atmospheric pressure
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Emulsification/Freeze-drying
(I)
 Polymer is dissolved in
solvent, nonsolvent is
added to form an
emulsion, mixed well
 Mixture is cast into mold
 Quench using liquid
nitrogen/low temperature
 Freeze-dried (Removal
both solvent and non-
solvent)

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Emulsification/Freeze-drying (II)
 Quenching condition (temperature)
 Polymer concentration;
 Solvent/Non-solvent ratio

Liqiud Nitrogen, 1% Polymer(PLGA) -15 oC, 1% Polymer(PLGA)

87/13 solvent(Dioxane)/nonsolvent(Water) 87/13 solvent(Dioxane)/nonsolvent(Water)

Liqiud Nitrogen, 10% Polymer(PLGA) -40 oC, 10% Polymer(PLGA) -15 oC, 10% Polymer(PLGA)
87/13 solvent(Dioxane)/nonsolvent(Water) 87/13 solvent(Dioxane)/nonsolvent(Water) 87/13 solvent(Dioxane)/nonsolvent(Water)

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Liqiud Nitrogen, 10% Polymer(PLGA) -40 oC, 10% Polymer(PLGA)
90/10 solvent(Dioxane)/nonsolvent(Water)
90/10 solvent(Dioxane)/nonsolvent(Water) 90/10 solvent(Dioxane)/nonsolvent(Water)
Melt Spinning

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 Electrospinning

Polymer
Solution

Fibers
Power Supply

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Fiber Bonding (I)
• Welding by Melt (High temperature)
• Spray using polymer solution: Thin spray and thick spray. (Toxic solvent removal)

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Before fiber bonding and after fiber bonding
Fiber Bonding (II)

Tubular scaffold fabrication by thick spraying fiber bonding

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Braid Techniques

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3-D printing: Wafer Stacking System

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Scaffold Assembly System (I)

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