TOPIC 2

BEAM DESIGN

NADHIRAH BT NOR ZELAN (CNDR)

 BEAM DESIGN

• Basic structural element.

• Normally used to span between two supports and transfers load through the
bending actions.
• Span can be up to 18m. Normally spanning 6-9m.
• It can be loaded by various kind of loads. (i.e distributed or point load).
• These loads may cause the beam to experience bending, shear, deflecting
and also local stresses such as buckling.
 TYPE OF BEAM
Primary Beam – beam that supporting by column at the end.

Secondary Beam – beam that supporting by another beam

at the end.
TYPE OF BEAM
 LIMIT STATE DESIGN

Limit states can be classified into two groups:

1. Ultimate limit states (had muktamad)
• strength- building and other structures, and all parts there of will be designed to
support safely the loads and load combination.
• From shear strength capacity and moment resistance.
• Are associated with collapse or other forms of structural damage likely to endanger
life.
2. Servicebility limit state (had perkhidmatan)

• Structural systems and members will be designed to have adequate stiffness to limit
deflection, lateral drift, vibration or any other deformation that adversely affect the
intended use and performance of the building.

• Are associated with poor performance of the structure which even though not life-
threatening must be avoided.
 LOADING
• The design engineers need to estimate the loading to which the
structure maybe subject during its design life.
• Common notations:
 TYPE OF LOADS

There are 2 main types of loads in term of directions namely vertical and lateral
loads.

1. VERTICAL @ GRAVITY LOADS may consist of

 Permanent Action, Gk (BS5950:Dead load)
 Variable Action, Qk (BS5950:Imposed load/live load)

2. LATERAL LOADS maybe induced by:

 Wind load
 Earthquake load
 BASIC VARIABLE
1. PERMANENT ACTION,Gk
• Are considered to act permanently: they are ‘dead’ stationary and unable to be
removed.
• Include weight of elements, finishes and partitions.
• Permanent non structural elements such as roofing, concrete, flooring, pipes, duct,
interior partition walls.
• The characteristics are permanent loads, do not vary through time, can be calculated
accurately & smaller load factor.
• Examples of Gk are: weight of wall, column, beam, roof, slab, finishes and cladding.
2. VARIABLE ACTION, Qk

• Are not permanent and can change in magnitude. They include items found within a
building such as furniture, people, books, cars, computers, machinery or stored
materials, movable partition.

• The characteristics – temporary load, vary with time, cannot be calculated precisely,
higher factor of safety
 LOAD DISTRIBUTION

In order to understand the loads

acting on a beam, one needs to
understand the beam arrangement
(layout). Consequently, the beam
arrangement will determine the load
distribution from slabs to the beam as
either one way or two way.
 ONE WAY SLAB

• 
 TWO WAY SLAB

• 
 EXAMPLE
Consider the floor plan shown in Figure 1. The cast in situ slabs are assumed to be carrying a
uniformly distributed combined action of 5kN/m². Determine the load acted on each beam and hence
calculate the maximum bending moment, Med and shear force, Ved.

1 2 3

4.0 m 4.0 m Determine the load

for :
A 1. Beam C/1-3
2. Beam 2/A-B
3. Beam A/1-2
3.0 m

3.0 m

C
DIFFERENT BETWEEN EC3 & BS5950
 STEEL SECTION
z
• Major axis : y-y
• Vertical axis : z-z
tf
• b = section breadth
• h = section depth
d • d = depth between fillets/kambi
y y h • tf = flange thickness

t
• tw = web thickness
w • Refer to
 UB = universal beam,
 UC = universal column,

b  SHS = square hollow section,

z  CHS = circular hollow system

 SECTION CLASSIFICATION

• The classification must be checked for each element of a cross section

subject to compression due to a bending moment or axial action/force.

• The classification is based on the width to thickness ratio. (i.e: b/tf, d/tw).
 STRUCTURAL STEEL SECTION

A. Class 1 plastic: cross section with plastic hinge rotation follows.

• This steel section has the capability to allow plastic hinge to develop at any cross section
along the member with significant rotation capacity.
B. Class 2 compact: cross sections with plastic moment capacity.

• Full plastic moment capacity can be developed but local buckling may prevent
development of a plastic hinge with sufficient rotation capacity.
C. Class 3 semi compact : cross sections can develop their elastic moment
capacity but local buckling may prevent the development of the full plastic
moment.

D. Class 4 slender : the section is very thin. When the section is subjected to
bending or compression, failure may be initiated by local buckling of the
section.
Table 5.2 page 42
Table 5.2 page 43
 STEP TO CLASSIFY A SECTION
1. Choose a section to be classified.
2. This section consists of two elements, namely web and flange.
3. Each element must be classified. To classify the flange, check the value of
cf/tf. And to classify the web check the value of cw/tw.
4. The values of cf/tf and cw/tw of a section are obtained from Table UB-
dimensions & properties. (Eurocode TOP)
5. Refer table 3.1 page 26, to classify the yield strength, fy.
6. Then, checks the limits of cf/tf and cw/tw from TABLE 5.2 , page 42
7. Compare the values of cf/tf and cw/tw as obtained from table UB against
the cf/tf and cw/tw values obtained from Table 5.2.
 EXAMPLE

Given section 356 x 171 x 45 UB of steel

grade S 275. Check the classification of the
section.

Solution :