BASIC FUNCTIONS

OF THE HAND

Aniek Puspitosari
 FUNCTIONS OF THE HAND
• To manipulate delicate fine motions
• To complete powerful grasp tasks
• To support or transfer force for changing
positions
• To serve as an sensory organ for perception of
the surroundings
• To help to express emotions
 4 PHASE FUNCTIONAL OF THE HANDS

1. REACH
2. PREHENSION PATTERN
3. CARRY
4. RELEASE
 4 STAGES (GRIP ACTIVITY)
1. Hands opens
2. Fingers close about the object
3. Increase force to a level appropriate for task
4. Hand re-opens to release object
5. Two types – power grip or prehension grip
 Cont…
• Proper grasp is impossible without adequate
sensory input
• Power of grasp is governed by sensation of
pressure on palmar skin and not by muscle
spindles in the forearm muscles and tendons
 THREE FUNCTIONAL APPLICATIONS OF THE
HAND
1. Slow to rapid movement with controlled rate,
intensity, and direction (playing guitar,writting,
sewing)
2. Ballistic, rapid repetitive movement (typing, playing
piano)
3. Fixation of the digits including co-contraction yielding
prehension

Prehensile  considered two part (the thumb & the rest

of the digits)
Most activity combines thumb and finger prehension
 GRASP PATTERN
A. POWER GRIP (grip)  for strength
1. CYLINDRICAL GRASP
2. SPHERICAL GRASP
3. HOOK GRASP
4. CONOID GRASP
B. PREHENSION GRIP (pinch)  for precision
1. TWO OR THREE JAW CHUCK
2. TIP PREHENSION
3. LATERAL PREHENSION / LATERAL PINCH
4. PENCIL PREHENCION
5. LATERAL GRIP
C. NON PREHENSION
 CYLINDRICAL GRASP
• The entire palmar surface of the hand grasping
around a cylindrical-shaped object
• Muscle involved : finger flexors, intrinsic muscles,
and thumb flexors and abductors
• Example : grasping a baseball bat or a hammer
 SPHERICAL GRASP
• Cupping the thenar and hypothenar eminences with
varying degrees of finger flexion
• Muslce involved : finger flexors, especially from 4th or
5th digits, and interossei
• Example : holding a ball,
 HOOK GRASP
• Gripping like a hook formed by flexed fingers
without the thumb involvement
• Usually a static nature for a period of time
• Muscle involved : flexor digitorum profundus
• Example : carrying a suitcase
 CONOID GRASP
• Cone-shaped grasp with the apex at the ulnar
side of the palm
• Example : using knife or other tools
 TWO OR THREE JAW CHUCK
• The pad of the thumb opposed against one
digit or both index and middle finger
• 80 % of prehension uses this pattern
• Example : picking up a block
 TIP PREHENSION (TIP TO TIP PINCH)

• The tip of the thumb opposes against the tip

of the other digits
• The most precise prehension
• Example : picking up a pin
LATERAL PREHENSION / LATERAL PINCH

• The pad of the thumb against the lateral side

of the index
• Muscles involved : adductor pollicis and 1st
dorsal interosseus
• Example : picking up a piece of paper or key
 PENCIL PREHENSION
• Same as three-jaw-chuck expect the pencil
passing through the radial border of the
middle finger
• Example : holding a pencil
 LATERAL GRIP
• Contact between 2 adjacent fingers with MP
and IP joints extended
• Muscle involved : finger adductors and
extensors
• Example : holding a cigarette, card
 NON PREHENSION
• Contact between palmar (tip finger) with
object
• Muscle involved : extensor muscle
• Example : press the button, poke
 Neumann's classification ： based on the number of
digits involved and purpose of task

Neumann's classification Conventional

classification
by digits involved by purpose of task examples

grip power grip holding a hammer power grip

(all digits are used)
precision grip holding an egg

pinch power pinch holding a key prehension grip

(primarily use (key pinch)
thumb and index) precision pinch holding a pin

hook grip - holding a suitcase power grip

(grip without
thumb)
NEUROLOGY
1. Nervus Radialis
2. Nervus Medianus
3. Nervus Ulnaris
Position of rest
 Position of functional
•  It consists of dorsiflexing both the wrist
between 20 and 35 degrees
• The proximal interphalangeal joints between
45 and 60 degrees
• The thumb is abducted and in opposition and
alignment with the pads of the fingers
Position of functional
WRIST CREASE
• berfungsi untuk
membantu kulit
menjadi lebih lentur
bergerak.
• kulit telapak tangan jadi
lebih lentur saat
meregang, mengepal,
menggenggam barang,
dan lainnya.
ARCHES OF THE HAND
Cont…
 Cont…
1. Distal transverse arch
• Passes through the metacarpal head
• Most flexibility (mobility)
• The adjustment of this arch allows the palm to
adapt to various-shaped object
2. Longitudinal arch
3. Proximal transverse arch / oblique arch
• Stable
• Permanent in shape
THANK YOU