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• Define electric current and electromotive

force.
• Write and apply Ohm’s law to circuits
containing resistance and emf.
• Define resistivity of a material and apply
formulas for its calculation.
• Define and apply the concept of
temperature coefficient of resistance.
Electric current I is the rate of
the flow of charge Q through + +Q
a cross-section A in a unit of A
time t. t

Q 1C Wire
II  Q 11A
A 1C
-
tt 11ss

One
One ampere
ampere AA isis charge
charge flowing
flowing at
at
the
the rate
rate of
of one
one coulomb
coulomb per
per second
second..
 qq
II  ;; qq  ItIt
tt I=6A
q = (6 A)(3 s) = 18 C
Recall that: 1 e- = 1.6 x 10-19 C, then convert:
 1e- 
18 C   18 C   -19 
 1,125 x 10 20
electrons
 1.6 x 10 C 

In 3 s: 1.12 x 1020 electrons

Imagine a charged capacitor with Q = CV that is
allowed to discharge.
+ -
+ -
+ -
Electron flow: The direction
Electron of e- flowing from – to +.
e flow
-
+ Conventional current:
The motion of +q from
Conventional flow
+ to – has same effect.

Electric fields and potential are defined in terms

of +q, so we will assume conventional current
(even if electron flow may be the actual flow).
A source of electromotive force (emf) is a
device that uses chemical, mechanical or
other energy to provide the potential
difference necessary for electric current.

Power lines Battery Wind generator

 High Constriction Low High Resistor Low
pressure pressure potential potential
+ -
R
Water Valve I Switch

Flow E

Water Pump Source of

EMF

The source of emf (pump) provides the voltage

(pressure) to force electrons (water) through
electric resistance (narrow constriction).
Electrical circuits often contain one or more
resistors grouped together and attached to
an energy source, such as a battery.
The following symbols are often used:
Ground Battery Resistor
+ -

+ - + -
- + - + -
Suppose we apply a constant potential difference
of 4 V to the ends of geometrically similar rods
of, say: steel, copper, and glass.
Steel Copper Glass

Is Ic Ig

4V 4V 4V
The current in glass is much less than for
steel or iron, suggesting a property of
materials called electrical resistance R.
Ohm’s law states that the current I through a
given conductor is directly proportional to the
potential difference V between its end points.

Ohm law:: II 
Ohm''ss law VV
Ohm’s law allows us to define resistance R
and to write the following forms of the law:

VV VV
II  ;; VV  IR
IR;; RR 
RR II
 V 3.0 V
R 
I 0.006 A
RR == 500
500 
 + -
R
The SI unit for electrical I 6 mA
resistance is the ohm,  V=3V
11 V
V
11
 Source of
11 A
A EMF
 A
+
V Emf Rheostat
-

Source of Ammeter Rheostat

Voltmeter
EMF
1. The length L of the material. Longer
materials have greater resistance.
L 2L
1 2
2. The cross-sectional area A of the material.
Larger areas offer LESS resistance.

A 2A
2
1
3. The temperature T of the material. The
higher temperatures usually result in
higher resistances.
R > Ro
Ro
4. The kind of material. Iron has more
electrical resistance than a geometrically
similar copper conductor.

Ri > Rc
Copper Iron
The resistivity  is a property of a material
that determines its electrical resistance R.

Recalling that R is directly proportional

to length L and inversely proportional
to area A, we may write:
LL RA
RR   or
or   RA
AA LL

The unit of resistivity is the ohm-meter (m)

  D  (0.001 m)
2 2
A  A = 7.85 x 10-7 m2
4 4
LL RA (0.004  )(7.85 x 10 -7 2
m )
RR   L 
AA  1.72 x 10 m
-8

Required length is: L = 0.183 m

For most materials, the resistance R changes
in proportion to the initial resistance Ro and
to the change in temperature t.
Change in RR RR00tt
resistance:
The temperature coefficient of resistance,  is
the change in resistance per unit resistance
per unit degree change of temperature.

RR 11
  ;; Units:
Units: 00
RR00tt CC
Ro = 4.00 mt = 80oC – 20oC = 60 Co

R   R0 t ; R  (0.004 / C )(4 m)(60 C )

0 0

R
R == 1.03
1.03 m
m R = Ro + R

R = 4.00 m
m + 1.03 m

RR == 5.03
5.03 m
m
Electric power P is the rate at which electric
energy is expended, or work per unit of time.

To charge C: Work = qV
Work qV q V q
P  and I 
t t t
Substitute q = It , then: I
V
VIt
P P = VI
t
Using Ohm’s law, we can find electric power
from any two of the following parameters:
current I, voltage V, and resistance R.

Ohm’s law: V = IR
22
VV
PP VI
VI;; PP  II RR;; PP 
22

RR
 P = VI = (120 V)(9 A) PP == 1080
1080 W
W

Example 6. A 500-W heater draws a current

of 10 A. What is the resistance?

P 500 W
P  I R; R  2 
2
RR == 5.00
5.00 

I (10 A) 2
Electric Q 1C
Electric
current:
II  Q 11A
A 1C
current: tt 11ss

Ohm’s
Ohm’s Law
Law

VV VV
II  ;; VV  IR
IR;; RR 
RR II
11volt
volt
Resistance: 1 ohm 
Resistance: 1 ohm 
11ampere
ampere
Resistivity
Resistivity of LL RA
of RR   or
or   RA
materials:
materials: AA LL

Temperature
Temperature coefficient
coefficient of
of resistance:
resistance:

RR 11
R   R0 t   ;; Units:
Units: 00
RR00tt CC

22
Electric
Electric VV
PP VI
VI;; PP  II RR;; PP 
22
Power P:
Power P: RR
 Series Circuits
 only one end of each component is connected
 e.g. Christmas tree lights

 Parallel Circuits
 both ends of a component are connected
 e.g. household lighting
copy the following circuits and fill in the
missing ammeter readings.

4A
? 3A
? 3A

1A
?
4A
?

4A 1A

1A
?
 measuring current
This is how we draw an ammeter in a circuit.

A A

SERIES CIRCUIT PARALLEL CIRCUIT

 measuring current
SERIES CIRCUIT

• current is the same 2A 2A

at all points in the
circuit. 2A

PARALLEL CIRCUIT

2A 2A
• current is shared
between the 1A
components
1A
 fill in the missing ammeter readings.

4A
? 3A
? 3A

1A
?
4A
?

4A 1A

1A
?
 measuring voltage
Different cells produce different voltages. The
bigger the voltage supplied by the cell, the bigger the
current.

Unlike an ammeter, a voltmeter is connected across

the components

Scientist usually use the term Potential Difference

(pd) when they talk about voltage.
 measuring voltage

V V
V
 series circuit
• voltage is shared between the components

3V

1.5V 1.5V
 parallel circuit
• voltage is the same in all parts of the circuit.

3V

3V

3V
measuring current & voltage

copy the following circuits on the next two

slides.

complete the missing current and voltage

readings.

remember the rules for current and voltage

in series and parallel circuits.
 measuring voltage
The ‘electrical push’ which the cell gives to the current
is called the voltage. It is measured in volts (V) on a
voltmeter

V
 measuring voltage
This is how we draw a voltmeter in a circuit.

V
V
SERIES CIRCUIT PARALLEL CIRCUIT
measuring current & voltage

a)
6V
4A A

V V

A
measuring current & voltage

b)
6V
4A A
V

A
 answers

a) b)
6V
6V 4A 4A
6V
4A 4A

3V 3V 2A

4A
6V

2A
1. Kaidah titik percabangan Kirchhoff: I = 0
Jumlah aljabar dari arus dalam setiap
percabangan adalah nol.

2. Kaidah simpal Kirchhoff: V = 0

Jumlah aljabar dari selisih potensial dalam setiap
simpal adalah nol
 One Volt is a Joule per Coulomb (J/C)
 One Amp of current is one Coulomb per
second (6.24 x10^18 electrons/second).
 If I have one volt (J/C) and one amp (C/s),
then multiplying gives Joules per second (J/s)
 this is power: J/s = Watts
 So the formula for electrical power is just:
P = VI: power = voltage  current
 More work is done per unit time the higher the
voltage and/or the higher the current