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Minggu 5. TIME STUDY - Stopwatch (Rev)
Minggu 5. TIME STUDY - Stopwatch (Rev)
Minggu 5. TIME STUDY - Stopwatch (Rev)
Prepared by:
Team teaching (DCO, YGN, IKP, ATU, MUF, YFN)
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Time Study (2)
Direct time study: the
work (time) measurement
conducted when the job
executed (in the same
place)
Time
study
Indirect time study: the
observer and the workers
don’t need to be in the
same place when the
measurement conducted.
Comparison of Direct and Indirect
Measurement
Method Positive Negative
Practical, because doesn’t Need more time, because the
need to breakdown the measurement can be done when the
activity into elements worker do the activity
DIRECT
Need a larger number of observation to
get a assured and valid data
http://ww.itimes.com/
http://ww.itimes.com/
Time Study (2)
Indirect Direct
measuremen Measureme
t nt
Standard
time data Stopwatch
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Motion Work
time data sampling
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Pengukuran Waktu Metoda Jam Henti
(Stopwatch Time Study)
using given
• methods,
• tools and equipment,
• raw materials,
• workplace arrangement.
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Needs for Standard Time
Developing schedules
1 2 3 4
• Define objective • Sampling x • Worker selection • Worker training
of the study observations
5 6 7 8
• Breakdown task x • Prepare the • Do the x • Calculating:
x cycle
into element measurement observations – time, normal time,
tools time study standard time
Stopwatch, observation
sheet, pen/pencil,
observation board
operator
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duration
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working condition
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www.wamda.com
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Step 3. Worker selection
• Select an Average Worker (What is average?)
Number
of
Worker
Worker Ability
http://ww.itimes.com/
Step 3. Worker selection (cont’d)
Experienced operator
Normal pace
Learning curve
Worker Skill
Time
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Step 5. Breakdown task into elements
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Step 6. Prepare measurement tools
a. Stopwatch
b. Observation sheet
c. Pen or pencil
Accumulative timing
• Need two stopwatches
Step 7. Do the observations
1. Preliminary study
included
excluded
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Observation 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Time 11 9 14 16 10 18 14 15
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A. Dividing data into several subgroup
1 14 10 12 15 12,75
2 17 18 15 16 16,50
3 11 9 14 16 12,50
4 10 18 14 15 14,25
Total 56,00
Total
C. Calculate standard deviation 56,00
completion time based Number of
on observations observation :
16
Total 56,00
D. Calculate standard deviation of sub-groups’ mean distribution :
𝜎
𝜎 ´𝑥 =
√𝑛 number of observation in a subgroup
Standard
Deviation ( ) Standard
deviation of
Subgroup Grand
Average sub-groups’
Completion time (xj)
values mean Previously mean
( ) calculated distribution :
(see slide ( )
24)
1 14 10 12 15 12,75 ……. …….. …..
2 17 18 15 16 16,50
3 11 9 14 16 12,50
4 10 18 14 15 14,25
E. Calculate Upper Control Limit (UCL) and Lower Control Limit (LCL)
𝑈𝐶𝐿=
Total ´𝑥 + 𝑍 𝑡 56,00
𝜎 ´𝑥 An index, derived from the confidence level:
0%-68%=1, 69%-95%=2, 96%-99%=3
𝐿𝐶𝐿=´ 𝑥 − 𝑍 𝑡 𝜎 𝑥´
Time 11 9 14 16 An10index,
18derived
14 from
15 the confidence level:
0%-68%=1, 69%-95%=2, 96%-99%=3
𝑁=
′
( 40 𝑁 . ∑ 𝒙 − ( ∑ 𝑥 𝑖 )
∑ 𝑥𝑖
𝒊
) number of
observations
needed
observation
based on
preliminary
data based
on
preliminary
study study
If N’ > N : need more observation (data is not adequate)
If N’ ≤ N : doesn’t need more observation (data is adequate)
Step 8. Calculating
• Calculate cycle time
1
• Determine allowances
4
Observation 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Time 11 9 14 16 10 18 14 15
Cycle time means observed time required for a worker to perform the task
∑ 𝑥𝑖
𝐶𝑇 = value of data
𝑁
Cycle time
Number of
Observation
Normal Time (NT) / Waktu Normal (Wn)
Objective
• Normalize the cycle time due to the abnormal operator’s working speed
Normal pace
• Experienced worker
• Without significant effort
• Know how to conduct the job well
• Eager to conduct the job
Methods to Define Performance Rating
Percentage
Shumard
This method is the most easy and simple, but the result is
rough -- not accurate (rely on the subjective judgement)
Performance Rating using Shumard Method
PERFORMANCE RATING The rating is defined
CLASS FACTOR according to “work
Super fast 100 performance” class. Every
Fast + 95 class has its own rating.
Fast 90
Fast - 85
Excellent 80 𝑷𝑹𝑭 𝑶𝒃𝒔𝒆𝒓𝒗𝒆𝒅 𝑾𝒐𝒓𝒌𝒆𝒓
𝑷𝑹𝑭=
Good + 75 𝑷𝑹𝑭 𝑵𝒐𝒓𝒎𝒂𝒍 𝑾𝒐𝒓𝒌𝒆𝒓
Good 70 Exp: An operator’s
Good - 65
Normal 60 performance is rated as
Fair + 55 “excellent”. CT = 124.6 s
Fair 50 Calculate the PRF and the NT!
Fair - 45
PRF = 80/60 = 1.33
Poor 40
NT = CT x PRF = 124.6 x 1.33 = 166.133 s
Performance Rating Using Westinghouse Method
Operator’s
Ability to
eagerness
follow the
when
work
conduct the
procedure
job
Condition
The
of the
similar
physical
result of
environm-
the
ent
working
(lighting,
time
temperat-
measure
ure,
ment
noise)
𝑷𝑹𝑭=𝟏+𝑺𝒌𝒊𝒍𝒍+𝑬𝒇𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒕+𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏+𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒚
Performance Rating Using Westinghouse Method
(2)
PRF
PRF
Work PRF Work Difficulties
Speed
Based on 4. 5.
1. Used 6.
PRF 2. Foot 3. Use of Coordinatio
body Tools and
Shumard pedals hand n of eye and Weight
parts equipment
Method hand
2. FOOT PEDALS
Without pedals (Tanpa Pedal, atau Satu Pedal dengan Sumbu di bawah Kaki) F 0
One or two pedals (Satu atau Dua Pedal dengan Sumbu tidak di bawah Kaki) G 5
3. USED OF HAND
Both hands work independently (Kedua tangan saling bantu atau bergantian) 0
Both hands work simultaneously (Kedua tangan mengerjakan gerakan yang sama) 18
H
H2
In %
Work Difficulties Table as the Objective Factor
(2)
4. COORDINATION OF EYE AND HAND
Very few (Sangat sedikit). I 0
Close enough (Cukup dekat). J 2
Constant and close (Konstan dan dekat) K 4
Very close (Sangat dekat) L 7
Smaller than 0.04 cm (Lebih kecil dari 0,04 cm) M 10
In %
Work Difficulties Table as the Objective Factor
(3)
WEIGHT (kg) Hand Foot
0,45 B -1 2 1
0,90 B-2 5 1
1,35 B-3 6 1
1,80 B-4 10 2
2,25 B-5 13 3
2,70 B-6 15 3
3,15 B-7 17 4
3,60 B-8 19 5
4,05 B-9 20 6
4,50 B-10 22 7
4,95 B-11 24 8
5,40 B-12 25 9
5,85 B-13 27 10
6,30 B-14 28 10
In %
40
Performance Rating using Objective Method
(Example)
CT = 124.6 sec ; PRF Work speed = 0.9
PRF Work Difficulties:
Sum = 23 (%)
The normal time needed for a normal worker to conduct the job in the best work sistem
𝑆𝑇
= 𝑁𝑇 ×(1+ 𝐴𝐹 )
Standard Time
Allowances
The allowance factor (AF) is the amount of time allowed for personal
needs, fatigue, and unavoidable delays.
Basic fatigue
• Decreasing productivity
Personal Need
• Drink
• Toilet
• Chit chat to avoid boredom
Unavoidable delay
• Asking for instruction
• Machine set up
• Mend the bottleneck
• Sharpen the cutting tools
• Taking special tool from the warehouse www.brigadebookkeeping.com
3. Unavoidable delay
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Allowance (3)
Examples
• Allowance for work fatigue
– Force: very low =6%
NT = 54 s
– Work posture: sit =1%
– Work motion: difficult =5%
– Eye fatigue: continuous with fix focus, bad lighting =16%
– Temperature: low with normal fatigue =10%
– Air circulation: good =0%
– Working environment: very noisy =5%
• Man’s personal needs =2%
• Unavoidable delay =5%
• AF=50%
• ST = 54 x (1+ 50%) = 81 s
Exercise:
• Allowance for work fatigue
• Given data – Force: Ignorable =5%
(in sec): – Work posture: sit =1%
2.21 1.51 2.1 – Work motion: difficult =5%
2.1 2.29 2.07 – Eye fatigue: continuous with fix focus, bad lighting =16%
2.02 2.03 2.15 – Temperature: low with normal fatigue =10%
1.56 1.57 2.15 – Air circulation: bad =10%
– Working environment: very noisy =5%
• Woman’s personal needs =3%
• Calculate: • Unavoidable delay =1%
• Cycle time
• Normal
time
• Standard • Shumard: Excellent
time
accuracy level 5%, confidence level 95%
47