AUTOMOTIVE VEHICLE

MAINTENANCE
UKQR2122
Dr Mohd Azman Abas
Mohd Fairus Jamid
Contents
• Introduction
• Maintenance check
• Engine and transmission
• Drive Belt
• Battery
• Brake
• Tire and wheel alignment
• Cooling
• Maintenance schedule
• Dashboard warning lights
 Introduction
• Vehicle need maintenance. Like humans to
maintain hygiene and healthy.
• Vehicle run on dirty roads and polluted
environment. Run on uneven roads with
potholes and will damage vehicle
components.
• Need regular maintenance and servicing of
vehicles. Usually done in workshops (service
center).
• You will understand the concept of vehicle
maintenance and servicing.
Engine Compartment
Engine Oil

• Checks engine oil, coolant, brake

oil and water.
• During routine check-up, oil, water
and coolants are topped up or
otherwise they are changed.
• If the oil is too high or too low it
can cause trouble for your engine.
It’s a good idea to check the oil.

Dipstick Check Location

Engine Oil

Engine oil Level

Engine Oil
• How to top up engine oil?
• most common oil grades
0W-20, 5W-20, 5W-30
and 20W-50
• SAE stands for Society of
Automotive Engineers.
• Refer manufacturer user
Engine oil type label on engine
manuals
Engine Oil
• Need suitable viscosity that will not vary
excessively with changes in temperatures.
• If viscosity low, the oil film tends to break and
cause overheating.
• If viscosity high, the resistance increases and
causes difficult starting and greater frictional
losses.
• Number 10 before W indicates resistance to
freezing of viscous oil at (-) temperatures, or the
ability to start cold.
• Number after W indicates the ability to operate in Engine oil grade
the (+) temperature. W40, the lubricant can works
temperatures below 40 degrees Celsius.
• (oil too thin) 20 < 50 (oil too thick)
Engine Oil
• Fully synthetic – 10,000km
• Semi synthetic – 7,500km
• Mineral – 5,000km
Transmission Oil
Type of transmission oil used for:
• Manual Transmission (MT)
• Automatic Transmission (AT) CVT

• Continuous Variable Transmission (CVT)

Manual Automatic
Transmission Oil
How to check transmission fluid
• Warming up engine until reach working temperature
• Put level gear to NEUTRAL and check ATF level.

ATF oil level indicator

Transmission Oil

Transmission oil type label

Transmission oil
• ATF, CVT or Manual transmission

Manual

CVT Auto
Drive Belt
• Checking of belt is very important.
• If it is loose or broken, then it needs to be replaced immediately.

Wear & tear belt condition

Drive Belt

Serpentine belt V belt

Drive Belt

Check tension “a” = 3 – 5mm

Multi drive belt fix adjuster
 Drive Belt
Water Pump

AC Compressor
Battery
Charger
(Alternator)

Tensioner

Power
Steering
Pump

Single drive belt using tensioner

Battery
• Main component of a vehicle.
• Battery electrolyte checked by removing
battery caps and looking inside.
• If the level is low, it is topped up with
distilled water.
• Nowadays, batteries are maintenance-
free which means they have sealed caps
and require no checking.
• Normal voltage more than 12.25 volt Lead acid free maintenance battery

• Charging voltage 14 to 14.8 volt (15%

higher)
Battery
Battery

Need maintenance battery Free maintenance battery

Battery
• Check Battery terminal & condition
Battery
How to jumper car with flat battery

Method A Method B
Battery
Battery charging system
Battery

Battery capacity
Battery capacity
 Brake
• Check every 20,000km or 2 years
(depend driving style)
• Brake fluid level “LOW’
• Squeal sound when pad brake
wear & tear
• Parking brake clearance to high Brake fluid level indicator
Brake
• Brake type – Disc and Drum

Drum brake system

Disc brake system
 Brake
• Brake pad wear indicator

Brake pad wear sensor

Manual indicator
 Brake
• Antilock Braking System (ABS)
Brake
 Brake fluid
Glycol fluids are the most common
and used in 99.9% of motor
vehicles in various grades. They are
named by their DOT (Department
of Transport) coding and are
either DOT 3, DOT 4 or DOT 5.1. In
general, the higher the number the
higher the typical brake fluid boiling
point.
Tires
• Check correct tire pressure
• Checks whether there is any external damage
• Ensure your tire tread is at least 1.6mm deep
• Don’t forget to check spare tire for all of the above

Tire pressure table on door side Tread Wear Indicator (TWI)

Tires

Tire side wall markings

Aspect Ratio
• Percentage relationship of tire's
height to its section width.
• The most common is 75, with the
range continuing downward (65, 60,
etc.) to 35.

Aspect Ratio = Section Height X 100 %

Section Width
Load Index & Load Capacity

P185/60R14 82 H

LOAD INDEX

SPEED INDEX
Load Index & Load Capacity
• Number range from 0 to 279 corresponds to load carrying capacity of a tire.

Load Index Pounds Kilograms

75 853 387
76 882 400
77 908 412
78 937 425
79 963 437
80 992 450
81 1019 462
82 1047 475
83 1074 487
84 1102 500
85 1135 515
Load Index Pounds Kilograms
86 1168 530
87 1201 545
88 1235 560
89 1279 580
90 1323 600
91 1356 615
92 1389 630
93 1433 650
94 1477 670
95 1521 690
96 1565 710
97 1609 730
98 1653 750
99 1709 775
100 1764 800
The Speed Index
• Code (A to Z) assigned to tire indicate range of speeds tire can carry
load under specified conditions.
Production Date

4806 – week 48 and year 2006

 Tread Wear Indicator (TWI)
• Minimum 1.5875mm (2/32 inch) of tread remains for most vehicles
Tires

Types of passenger car tires

How to change tires
1. Find safe location & turn ON hazard lights
2. Make sure pull up parking brake
3. Prepare tool & spare tire
4. Place wedges/wood on wheel
5. Loosen your lug nuts
6. Place jack under car & raise up
7. Unscrew lug nuts and take out flat tire
9. Tighten lug nuts using hand & lower the vehicle then tighten completely
10. Check spare tire pressure & stow all equipment
11. Take flat tire for repair
How to change tires
How to change tires
How to change tires
How to change tires

Spare tires
Tire inflation
• Tires wear give indicator to other parts problem of vehicle.
• Abnormal wear patterns are caused by the need for simple tire
maintenance, or for front end alignment.
 Over Inflation
• Excessive wear at the center of the tread - air pressure in the
tire is consistently too high.
Under Inflation
• Cause too much contact with the road by the outer treads.
• When this type of wear occurs, and the tire pressure is
consistently correct, a bent or worn steering component or the
need for wheel alignment could be indicated.
• Bent steering or idler arms cause incorrect toe-in and
abnormal handling characteristics on turns.
One Side Wear
• Cause by the alignment problem.
• There is excessive camber in the front suspension, causing the
wheel to lean too much to the inside or outside and putting
too much load on one side of the tire.
• Misalignment also could be due to sagging springs, worn ball
joints, or worn control arm bushings.
Cupping
• Cups or scalloped dips appearing around the edge of the tread
on one side or the other, indicate worn/bent suspension parts.
• Any worn component (ball joint, wheel bearing, shock
absorber, springs, bushings, etc.) can cause this condition.
• Occasionally, wheels that are out of balance also will wear like
this,
Wheel Alignment

Camber – inward or
outward tilt of a wheel
from the vertical when
viewed from the front of
the vehicle.
Wheel Alignment
• Effect of misalign camber
Wheel Alignment

• Toe is the measurement of how

much the wheels point in or out
from the straight-ahead position.
• Ideal running is zero.
Coolant (Cooling system)
• Coolant is the liquid that,
diluted with water, goes into
your car’s radiator and prevents
it from freezing in cold
temperatures, or overheating in
hot temperatures.
Coolant (Cooling system)

When cold When hot

Operation of reservoir tank

Coolant (Cooling system)

Cooling water circulation route

Maintenance Schedule
Dashboard Warning Light

• Problem with charging system

• Oil level engine low

• Oil pump malfunction
Dashboard Warning Light

• When pull-up parking brake

• Brake fluid low

• Engine Malfunction Light

• Engine system problem
Dashboard Warning Light

• Antilock Braking System

• Malfunction brake system

• Tire pressure monitoring system

• Puncture or low pressure
Dashboard Warning Light