ORDER OF OPERATIONS

GEMDAS
• G -----> Grouping (Parentheses)
• E -----> Exponents Expression 
• M -----> Multiplication
• D -----> Division
• A -----> Addition LEFT RIGHT
• S -----> Subtraction
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2
{4+[3 3−6 ] − −2 }
( ) ( )
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Grouping Symbol: (3-6)=-3

Exponential Expression
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Multiply (3)(-3) and simplify –(-4)

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Add (4 and 9)
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Add (4 and 9)
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Basic Properties of
Real Numbers
 The Closure Properties
• Real numbers are closed under addition, subtraction, and multiplication.
• That means if a and b are real numbers, then a + b is a unique real number, and
a ⋅ b is a unique real number.
For example:
3 and 11 are real numbers.
3 + 11 = 14 and 3 ⋅ 11 = 33
• Notice that both 14 and 33 are real numbers.
• Any time you add, subtract, or multiply two real numbers, the result will be a
real number.
• Although this property seems obvious, some collections are not closed under
certain operations.
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Example 1

Real numbers are not closed under division since,

although 5 and 0 are real numbers, and are not real
numbers. (You can say that is undefined, which
means has no meaning. Likewise, is 2 because you
can multiply 3 by 2 to get 6. There is no number you
can multiply 0 by to get 5.)
Example 2

Natural numbers are not closed

under subtraction. Although 8 is a
natural number, 8 − 8 is not. (8 −
8 = 0, and 0 is not a natural
number.)
The Commutative Properties
• The commutative properties tell you
that two numbers can be added or
multiplied in any order without
affecting the result.
Commutative Property of Commutative Property of
Addition Multiplication
a+b=b+a a ⋅ b = b ⋅ a

Commutative Properties: Examples

3+4=4+3 Both equal 7

5+7=7+5 Both represent the same sum

4⋅8=8⋅4 Both equal 32

y7 = 7y Both represent the same product

5 (3+1) = (3+1) 5 Both represent the same product

(9 + 4) (5 + 2) = (5 + 2) (9 + 4) Both represent the same product

The Associative Properties
• The associative properties tell you
that you may group together the
quantities in any way without
affecting the result.
 (Let a, b, and c represent real numbers.)

Associative Property of
Associative Property of Addition
Multiplication

(a + b) + c = a + (b + c) (ab) c = a (bc)

The Distributive Properties
• When an expression involves both
addition and multiplication, the
distributive property comes in. The
distributive property of multiplication over
addition tells us that if a term is multiplied
by the terms in parentheses, we need to
distribute the multiplication over all the
terms inside the parentheses.
 Examples:
a (b + c) = (a • b) + (a • c) a (x-y) = (a • x) – (a • y)

3 ( 2 + 1) 3 (2-1)
= (3 • 2) + (3 • 1) = (3 • 2) - (3 • 1)
=6+3 =1–2
=9 =1
• The distributive property allows you to simplify the expression by
multiplying every term inside the parentheses by the factor without
violating the correct order of operations.

Examples:
3(8 – 4) = 3(8 – 4)
3(4) = (3)(8) – (3)(4)
12 = (24) – (12)
12 = 12
• When an expression involves both
addition and multiplication, the
distributive property comes in. The
distributive property of multiplication over
addition tells us that if a term is multiplied
by the terms in parentheses, we need to
distribute the multiplication over all the
terms inside the parentheses.
 The Identity Properties
Additive Identity
The number 0 is called the additive identity since when it is added to any real number, it
preserves the identity of that number. Zero is the only additive identity.

For example: 6 + 0 = 6

Multiplicative Identity

The number 1 is called the multiplicative identity since when 1 is multiplied by any real
number, it preserves the identity of that number. One is the only multiplicative identity.

For example: 6 ⋅ 1 = 6.
 Additive Identity Property Multiplicative Identity Property

If a is a real number, then a + 0 = a and 0 If a is a real number, then a ⋅ 1 = a and 1
+ a = a ⋅ a = a
 The Inverse Properties
 
Additive Inverse Multiplicative Inverse
• For every number n, n + (-n) = 0 • For every number n, except zero,
• The additive inverse of a number is • Zero is an exception because
its opposite division by zero is undefined.
For example: 6 + (-6) = 0 • The multiplicative inverse of a
-3 + 3 = 0 number is its reciprocal
x + (-x) = 0 Example: (5)
(-2)