i n t e r n a t i o n a l jo u r n a l o f r e f r i g e r a t i o n 3 5 ( 2012) 1824 e1832

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Geothermal heat pump in heating mode: Modeling and

simulation on TRNSYS

R. Chargui a,*, H. Sammouda a, A. Farhat b

a
Laboratoire d’Energie et des Mate´riaux (LR11ES34), Universite´ des Sousse, ESSTHSousse, Rue Abbassi Lamine, 4011 HSousse, Tunisia
b
Centre National de Recherche et des Technologies de l’Energie (CNRTE), PB 95, Hammam Lif 2015, Tunisia

a r t i c l e in f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: The consumption of energy in greenhouses and residential buildings has gained an
Received 21 December 2011 increasing interest. Recently, due to the rising demand for effi cient energy use and higher
Received in revised form comfort standards, our contribution will relate to an application of heating of a
15 April 2012 greenhouse by using an abundant and more universal sources and easily accessible.
Accepted 11 June 2012 Thus, the resources employed are water or air. The objective of this work is to model and
Available online 29 June simulate a heat pump on TRNSYS which is dedicated to study the thermodynamic
2012 phenomena. Here, we present a mathematical description of the heat pump on TRNSYS
Keywords: model by using HVAC technique, as well as the numerical results of the simulation of the
Heat pump heat pump, such as the COP, power consumption and the delivered power, by using the
Heating geothermal source in southern Tunisia.
Simulation ª 2012 Elsevier Ltd and IIR. All rights reserved.
Coeffi cient of performance
Power

Pompe a`chaleur ge ´ othermique en mode chauffage:

Mode ´ lisation et simulation sur TRNSYS

Motscle´s : Pompe a` chaleur ; Chauffage ; Simulation ; Coeffi cient de performance ;
Puissance

1. Introduction renewable recourse is significant and it occupies in the world

one of the first place of renewable energies. The geothermal
In Tunisia, due to lack of notoriety, geothermic is slightly sources in Tunisia (the water of surfaces, the water of the
used like many renewable resources. Compared to other w e l l s . ) are used for heating and cooling of greenhouses, by
countries, in these times of safeguarding of energy, the using geothermic heat pumps. This thermodynamic system
evolution of
* Corresponding author. Tel.: þ216 931 960/96 727 448; fax: þ216 931 960.
E-mail address: chargui_r@yahoo.fr (R. Chargui).
0140-7007/$ e see front matt er ª 2012 Elsevier Ltd and IIR. All rights reserved.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2012.06.002
 i n t e r n a t i o n a l j o u r n a l o f r e f r i g e r a t i o n 3 5 ( 2012) 1824 e1832 1825

Nomenclature Capacity of the heat pump (kW)

Qhp
Electric power consumption of the heat pump
Cpf Specific heat liquid source (kJ kg—1 K—1) Inlet
Php (kW)
flow rate of water heat source (kg h—1)
m_ i
Outlet flow rate of water heat source (kg h—1) Abbreviations
m_ 0 Absorbed power by the evaporator (kJ h—1) COP Coeffi cient of Performance
Q_ Delivered power to room by direct liquid source TRNSYS TRaNsient SYstem Simulation program
abs heating (kJ h—1) HVAC Heating Ventilating Air Conditioning
Q__ dh Electrical power consumed by heat pump (kJ h—1) EES Engineering Equation Solver
Q
Delivered power by heat pump (kJ h—1)
ei
Greek letters
Ambient Temperature (○C)
Q_ Control function for heat pump (0 — off, 1 —
Minimum fluid source temperature necessary for g htr
hp on)
Heat exchanger eff ectiveness
Ta direct liquid heating (○C) ε
T
Tdh
i Inlet temperature of water heat source (○C) Subscripts
Minimum ambient temperature necessary for abs Absorbed
Tmin;a
heat pump operation (○C) ei Electrical
Tmin;i
Minimum fluid temperature necessary for heat dh Delivered; Heating
pump (○C) hp Heat pump
Outlet temperature of water heat source (○C) min Minimum
T0
Temperature of room air heated by heat pump or a Ambient
directly by the liquid source (○C) Effectiveness i Inlet
TR
times minimum capacitance of heat 0 Outlet
exchanger for direct liquid source heating Room
C (kJ h —1 K—1) R
mi
n

includes two heat sources (hot and cold) between which a
coolant that (R-134a, R-410, R-22, C O 2 . ) undergoes a cycle of
transformations, causing a heat transfer between the two
sources. We att end a heat transfer of hott est medium about
the coldest middle, whereas spontaneously heat diffuses
hott er toward coldest until the equality of the temperatures.
This machine restores more energy, and hence, after this
foreword we expose some work available in the literature
which treats the heat pumps.
Haberschill et al. (2006) have developed a prototype of
heat pump to CO2 (water/water ) functioning with a hermetic
compressor to raise the temperature of a domestic hot
water from 13 to 60 ○C. The results show that the COP of the
tran- scritical heat pump is 10% superior to that of R-22.
Various types of compressors have also been studied. It is
the case of compressors screw and spiral (Klidonas, 2005;
Winandy and Hundy, 2004). The installation on which
Saikawa and Hashimoto (1998) made experiments function
with a compressor twin-cylinder. The regulation is made
either by the valve located downstream from the
evaporator, or by the number of revolutions of the
compressor. From their side, Ozgener et al. (2007) have
presented a parametric study on the exergoeconomic
assessment of a vertical ground-coupled (geothermal) heat
pump system. They have made a para- metric study to
investigate how varying reference tempera- tures will aff ect
the exergoeconomic analysis of the ground- source heat
pump system. A correlation between the ratio of
thermodynamic loss rate to capital cost and reference state
temperature is developed. Slim et al. (2008) have studied the
modeling of a solar and heat pump sludge drying system.
This paper focuses on the evaluation of the heating
temperature leading to an annual thermo-economic
optimum in terms of energy consumption. This article
presents a very developed
theory; the COP of the pump exceeds value 5, which explains
the interest of this work. Recently, Ozcan and Ozgener
(2011) have studied the geothermic heat pumps. This study
high- lights theoretical, energetic and exergetic performance
eval- uation results of BetheeZeldovicheThompson (BZT)
fluids in geothermal heat pumps. In this study, they have
selected hexafl uoroethane (R-116), octafluoropropane (R-
218), and octafluorocyclobutane (RC318) as possible
alternative replacements to the traditional refrigerants in
geothermal heat pumps. In addition, Ozgener and Hepbasli
(2007) have developed the modeling and performance
evaluation of ground source (geothermal) heat pump
systems. In this study the results obtained is discussed in
terms of energetic and exergetic aspects. The values for
COPHP ranged from 3.12 to 3.64, while those for COPsys
varied between 2.72 and 3.43. Furthermore, Manole (2004)
have proposed to take the maximum temperature of the
cycle as a parameter of adjustment. From their side, Neksa
et al. (1998) have carried out experiments on a prototype of
heat pump, intended for the production of hot water and
controlled by computer acting on a pneumatic pressure
reducer and the number of revolu- tions of the compressor.
They highlight the difficulty of this process for which a
reliable modeling of the complete system is necessary. This
last point has been confirmed recently by Rasmussen et al.
(2005).
In the field of modeling, much of studies aiming at the
optimization of operation in nominal mode were made. We
can in particular quote that of Sarkar et al. (2006) based at
the same time on energy and exergetic analyses. Among the
authors who have sought to model the operation of the PAC
in dynamic mode, we can quote Skaugen and Svensson
(1998) and Bryan and Andrew (2004) who have presented a
model of simulation with discretization of the heat
exchangers, but
1826 i n t e r n a t i o n a l jo u r n a l o f r e f r i g e r a t i o n 3 5 ( 2012) 1824 e1832
without taking into account the losses of pressure within the
machine. In addition, Sakellari et al. (2006) have studied the
strategies of controls for a system of residential heating
heat temperature, they have developed their work on model
TRNSYS, by using the technique of the HVAC (Heating venti-
lating Air Conditioning). Sakellari and Lundqvist (2005) have
studied the computational tools TRNSYS and EES to model
and analyze the performance of a residential house, its
ventilation system and its floor heating system based on an
exhaust air heat pump. The system analysis focuses particu-
larly on the infl uence of internal and solar gains on the
operation of the heating system and the thermal comfort of
the house.
Researchers have a large number of energy-related
computational tools at their disposal. Energy analysis tools
range from simplified, manual methods, for approximate
energy use estimates, to detailed, computerized, hourly
simulations. Computer simulation programs are important
tools for evaluating the performance of heating ventilation
and air conditioning (HVAC) systems in buildings. If the
purpose of the building energy analysis is to study trends and
compare systems or alternatives, then simplified analysis
methods may be appropriate. However, for detailed energy
analyses of building energy systems and sub-systems, more
comprehensive tools are required (Klein et al., 2000).
The aim of the present work is to examine a heat pump in
heating mode (the CO2 is the refrigerant) by using the
geothermal source in south of Tunisia. Moreover, it is exam-
ined the behavior as well as the results of the simulation of
this system on TRNSYS. Overall the findings indicate the
importance of reconsidering dimensioning methods and
controlling functions of such heating systems so that more
parameters can be taken into account.
2. Properties of the CO2
The application of CO2 as a working fluid introduces chal-
lenges, but certainly also opportunities and possibilities,
compared other technology. First of all, components for
much higher design pressures are needed, typically
150 bar maximum operating pressure. However, with the
manufacturing technology and the knowledge base existing
today, it is possible to fully utilize the advantages introduced
by the high pressures, for instance in reducing component
sizes due to high volumetric capacity. The critical
temperature of CO 2 is 31.1 ○C. This implies that sub-critical
operation, as known from common refrigeration
technology, is only possible when the average heat sink
temperature is rather low. However, when subcritical
operation is possible it may be stated that the CO 2 systems
compete very well with respect to energy effi ciency with
systems using other refrigerants. On the other hand, for
applications of water heating or air conditioning, where the
hot source is overall at the ambient temperature, the
condensation phase is made ineffective by the significant
rate of temperature between the refrigerant and the hot
source. The heat transfer must then be carried out above the
critical point, in the supercritical area, and the cycle is trans-
critical. The heat rejection is not done any more by
condensation, but by cooling, by the gas cooler.
The CO2 is characterized by high values of the heat
capacity and thermal conductivity and a low value of its
dynamic viscosity. Compared with other refrigerants, ther-
modynamic properties of CO2 seem to be rather favorable in
terms of heat transfer and pressure loss.
3. Simulation
The study reported here includes the performance evaluation
of a vertical heat pump with CO2 as the refrigerant in the
heating mode. We use the simulation TRNSYS model for
analyze this system for 24 h of operation in January.
1. Description of the system studied
This component shows the performance of heat pump
having two evaporators (CO2 as the refrigerant in the heat-
ing mode): a liquid source to utilize heat from a solar system
or other processes, and an ambient air source to be used
when the outdoor temperature exceeds the liquid source
temperature or if the liquid source temperature approaches
its freezing point. The model also allows a direct heating
mode in which the hot liquid source bypasses the heat
pump and delivers energy across a heat exchanger
whenever its temperature exceeds a user specified
minimum, T dh .
A schematic of the dual source heat pump considered by
this component is shown in Fig. 1. The entire system is
controlled by a single control input, g htr . If the value of
this control function is 0, then no heating is required and the
heat pump delivers no energy. If, on the other hand, ghtr is 1,
then an internal controller determines the heating mode.
Direct liquid source heating occurs if the source
temperature is greater than T dh . Otherwise, heat pump
heating occurs using either the liquid or ambient source.
The performance of the heat pump is determined with user-
supplied steady-state performance data as a function of the
inlet fluid temperature to the evaporator only (Klein et al.,
2000).
In TRNSYS, the thermodynamic properties of the refrig-
erant in dual source heat pump (Type 20) (enthalpy,
density and heat capacity) are assessed through the work of
Span and Wagner (1996). These authors developed a new
equa- tion of state for CO2, writt en as an explicit equation
for the Helmoltz free energy. In the area considered here,
the uncertainties announced by the authors are less than
1%. The thermal conductivity is evaluated using reference
works Lorentzen and Pett ersen (1993) with an uncertainty of
less than 5%.
2. The controller of the heat pump
The controllers on TRNSYS are designed primarily for imple-
menting temperature level control. Type 2 is most
frequently used to control fluid flow through the heat pump
loop on the basis of two input temperatures. However, any
system employing differential controllers with hysteresis
can use Type 2. Temperature level control in TRNSYS relies
on a control function, g, which is typically constrained to
[g m i n ;g m a x ]. Two types of temperature level control are
 i n t e r n a t i o n a l j o u r n a l o f r e f r i g e r a t i o n 3 5 ( 2012) 1824 e1832
Evaporators
Refrigerant
(CO2)
Controller
Electronic
expansion valve
Ambient air
Circulating air pump
Surface water
Fig. 1 e Operation of the heat pump in heating mode.
commonly used: continuous control and discrete (On/Off)
control. In continuous control, g can take any value from g m i n
to g m a x . In On/Off control, either g ¼ 0 or g ¼ 1. Like real
controllers, these controller models use operational hyster-
esis to promote stability. Frequently the conditions used in
making a control decision are changed by the control
decision. For example, turning on a pump which moves
fluid through a heat source will change the temperatures on
which the decision to turn on the pump was based. Careful
selection of a dead band temperature diff erence can help to
minimize a controller’s tendency to oscillate between it’s on
and off states. TRNSYS contains the default value for the
variable expressed in the default units of that variable. The
model also allows a direct mode of heating; the hot source
provides energy through a heat exchanger all the times that
its temperature exceeds a maximum indicated by the user,
T dh . The whole system is ordered by a simple entry of order,
g htr . If the value of this operation is 0, then no heating is
required and the heat pump does not provide any energy. If,
in addition, the value of ghtr is 1, then an internal controller
determines the mode of heating. The direct heating coming
from the source occurs if the temperature of the source (Tdh)
is larger than T i ma x (T imax is the maximum temperature of the
liquid source indicated by the user ).
The minimum, maximum, and default values for the
variable: these values will be used when the component
model is placed into an assembly. The default value must be
between the minimum value and the maximum value. The
default value is replaced by the initial value for the inputs and
derivatives and suppressed for the outputs. These values
must be given in the units specified. Between the minimum
and maximum values resides a small box containing two
brackets and a semi-colon. This sett ing determines if the
minimum and maximum are included or not in the range.
The minimum and maximum can be “—INF” or “þINF” to
indicate no limit (infinity). TINF is the default value.
1827
Solar radiation
Air humidity sensor
Compressor
Condenser
Heat
Pump Greenhouse
Thermocouples
Circulating water pump
Expansion valve
3. Greenhouse heating systems
This system involves the use of bare tubing, usually small
diameter polybutylene or similar material. The tubing is
installed either on the floor or suspended under benches.
This system has the problem of requiring large quantities of
tubing in order to meet 100% of the heating load. Control of
the system may be manual via gate valves. However, as with
the soil heating system, the use of heat exchangers can
allow accurate control of the temperature and hence the
output. This system is characterized by low equipment cost
and zero fan energy consumption and simple installation
practices; hence we wish to conduct later another study
dealing with the greenhouse system integrating a
geothermal heat pump.
4. Mathematical description
The pump operation is modeled by several mathematical
equations. Two conditions are necessary for the operation of
the pump. The activation of the first blocks the second.
Condition 1 (ghtr¼ 0)
The first condition to impose is that the controller of the
heat pump indicates a value equal to zero. Then the pump is
at rest. No current which circulates in the electric motor.
This condition is insuffi cient to make the pump function.
The outlet temperature of water heat source (T0) equal to
the temperature of the liquid source (Ti), and delivered
power, absorbed power, the electrical power consumption
and the COP of the pump are zero.
Q d h ¼ Q_ a b s ¼ Q_ ei ¼ COP ¼ 0
_ (1)
Condition 2 (ghtr¼ 1)
1828 i n t e r n a t i o n a l jo u r n a l o f r e f r i g e r a t i o n 3 5 ( 2012) 1824 e1832

The second condition to fill is that the controller of the Q_abs

T0¼ T —
i (7)
heat pump must indicate the unity value. An electrical
m_ i
current circulates in the engine of the pump. The function
The outlet
Cpf flow rate of water heat source is given by the
of the pump is according to the following mode.
relation:
When Ti > T d h (the inlet temperature of water heat source
exceeds its maximum value indicated by the user ). The heat
m_ 0 ¼ m_ i
pump is regarded as a circulation pump. The temperature of
(8)
the water surface is suffi cient for the direct heating of the
greenhouse. Otherwise, the heat pump does not pass by a The delivered power by the pump for the direct heating is
thermodynamic cycle, since the water of heating passes zero:
directly through the circulating pump in the heat exchangers. Q dh ¼ 0 (9)
_
The delivered energy by the circulating pump for the direct When Ti < T m i n , I (the inlet temperature of water heat source
heating is given by the relation: is lower than a minimal temperature indicated by the user ).
The pump works with the ambient air on the level of the cold
Q_ d h ¼ εCminðTi — TRÞ source.
(2) Q_ hp ; Q_ a bs ; Q_ ei ; allow us to determine the performance
The outlet temperature of water heat source is given by the of the pump starting from the ambient temperature.
relation: _ The COP of the pump is given by the relation:
Qdh
T0¼ T —i (3)
m_ i Q_
COP ¼ hp _
Qei
The outlet
Cpf flow rate of water is: (10)
The outlet water temperature of water heat source is given
m_ 0 ¼ m_ i by the relation:
(4)
T0 ¼ Ti
The delivered power, the absorbed power by the (11)
evaporator, the consumed electric power and the COP of the
The outlet flow rate of water heat source is:
heat pump are zero.

m_ 0 ¼ 0
Q_ dh ¼ Q_ a b s ¼ Q_ ei ¼ COP ¼ 0 (5) (12)
a well defined cycle. The delivered power and consumed
Whenpower
electric ≤ Ti <
T m i n , I allow us Tto
d h ,determine
the pump the
functions according
performance to
of the The delivered power by the pump for the direct heating is
Q dh ¼ 0 (13)
pump starting from the temperature of the liquid source. The zero:
_
COP of the pump is given by the relation:
3.5. Heating system computational algorithm on
COP ¼ Q TRNSYS
hp
(6)
__
Q
ei
The outlet temperature of water heat source is given by the The following diagram (Fig. 2) presents different steps of the
relation: simulation (Dual Source Heat Pump e TYPE 20) on TRNSYS.
There are two methods to follow for simulation in this model.
The user can choose one of these two methods to obtain
the same result. This model is developed in TRNSYS; this is
a package of utility programs that enables the simulation and
analysis of transient systems. The model consists of
compo- nents that interact with each other. The subsystem
compo- nents included in the standard library are
programmed in Fortran language. Each component has a
unique TYPE number that relates this component to Fortran
subroutine to model it. Moreover, each component is
represented by a number of PARAMETERS and time-
dependent INPUTS, and produces number of time
dependent OUTPUTS. A produced output of a specific
component can be used as input to itself or to other
components (Klein et al., 2000). TRNSYS has the capability of
interconnecting system components in any desired manner.
Once all the components of the system have been identified
a mathematical description of each component is available,
the main input file for the system has to be att ained. This
Fig. 2 e Heating system Computational algorithm on can be done either directly by editing the text describing the
TRNSYS. components and the way they interfere in the menu- driven
environment program (EES), or by constructing an
 i n t e r n a t i o n a l j o u r n a l o f r e f r i g e r a t i o n 3 5 ( 2012) 1824 e1832 1829

information flow diagram in the graphical pre-processor
(HVAC). This simulation on TRNSYS requires parameters of
input of the heat pump. The user must give well defined
values such as the ambient temperature, the inlet tempera-
ture of water heat source, the inlet flow rate of water heat
s o u r c e . The main information for the heat pump and the
climatic conditions is given in Tables 1 and 2.
pump. Thus, if the temperature of water reaches its minimal
value indicated by the user, controller automatically value 3
to make sure that the pump works with the ambient air on
the level of the cold source. If the water temperature is
favorable for the operating condition of the pump, the
controller indi- cates value 2.
3. Delivered power by the pump

4. Results
1. Temporal evolution of temperatures
During the first phase (Fig. 3), the temperature of water did
not change, which explains why the pump functions with
the ambient air on the level of the cold source. The second
phase shows a brutal reduction in the outlet temperature of
water heat source which is accompanied by a progressive
increase in the temperature of liquid source. When the
internal controller of the pump detects the minimal value of
the temperature of the liquid source, the operating mode of
the pump changes and the pump functions with water
increase like cold source.
2. Control function of the pump
The evolution of the control function of the heat pump during
the first day of January indicates a constant value equal to 3
during the first 10 h (Fig. 4). This value is explained by the
fact that the heat pump works with the ambient air on the
level of the cold source. Remark that this evolution
announces value 2 during the remainder of the day which
explains that the pump functions with the water of a liquid
source on the level of the cold source. The release is done
automatically by the internal controller of the pump.
According to the value of the temperature of the water
surface, the controller defines the operating condition of the
During the first phase (Fig. 5), the variation of the delivered
power by the pump keeps practically a constant value; we
stabilize the temperature of the ambient air during the period
of (0, 5 h), with the increase in the temperature of the
ambient air (phase 2) one notices an abrupt variation of this
power to stabilize itself. Then, with the change of the cold
source (phase 3), the delivered power by the pump increases
in an appreciable way until it reaches the value 400 (kJ h—1),
this increase is accompanied with variation the inlet
temperature of water heat source. The fall of the water
temperature (phase 4), this power decreases to be stabilized
around 350 (kJ h—1), which is also followed by stabilization of
the inlet temperature of water heat source.
4. Consumed electric power
During the first phase (1 he6 h) the variation of the electric
power consumed by the pump keeps practically a constant
value and a stabilization of the ambient temperature during
the period between 0 and 5 h (Fig. 6), with an increase of the
ambient temperature (phase 2), we note an abrupt variation
of this power to stabilize around 70e80 (kJ h —1 ). Then with
the change of the cold source (phase 3), the electric power
consumed by the pump increases in an appreciable way until
it reaches a value which exceeds 100 (kJ h —1 ), this increase is
with the variation in the inlet temperature of water heat
source which passes from 11 ○C to 16 ○C. With the fall of the

Table 1 e Parameters of the dual source heat pump in TRNSYS.

Nom Dimension Unit Type Range Default

Liquid source specific heat Specific heat kJ kg—1 K—1 Real [0.0; þInf ] 4.19
Flow rate of liquid source Flow kg h— 1 Real [0.0; þInf ] 200
Effectiveness times minimum capacitance rate Overall loss kJ h —1 K—1 Real [0.0; þInf ] 50
(mass flow rate times specific heat) of heat coeffi cient
exchanger for direct liquid source heating
Minimum temperature for direct liquid heating Temperature [○C] Real [—Inf; þInf ] 25
Minimum source temperature for liquid operation Temperature [○C] Real [—Inf; þInf ] 16
Minimum ambient temperature for air operation Temperature [○C] Real [—Inf; þInf ] 00.0
Maximum temperature for direct liquid heating Temperature [○C] Real [—Inf; þInf ] 24.0
Logical unit for liquid source data Logical unit e Integer [10; 30] 16
[10; 30]
Logical unit for air source data Logical unit e Integer 15
[2; 10]
Numbers of basic data for the liquid source Basic data e Integer [2; 10] 5
Numbers of basic data for the ambient air source Basic data e Integer [0.0; þInf ] 5
Capacity of the heat pump Power [KW] Real [0.0; þInf ] 14.6144
Electric consumption of heat pump Power [KW] Real [—56.6; þ31.1] 4.28248
The inlet temperatures of liquid and gaseous heat sources Temperature [○C] Real [60; 90] 5.00
The outlet temperatures of the sink heat fluid Temperature [○C] Real [5; 60] 70
The flow rate range of source and heat sink fluid Flow kg h— 1 Real [0.0; þInf ] 10.00
The nominal heating capacity of the Power [KW] Real 10
CO2 sub-critical heat pump
1830 i n t e r n a t i o n a l jo u r n a l o f r e f r i g e r a t i o n 3 5 ( 2012) 1824 e1832

Table 2 e Main input information for the pump and the climatic conditions.
Nom Parameters Unit Type Series Defect
Liquid source temperature Temperature ○
[ C] Real [—Inf; þInf ] 18
Flow of liquid source Flow [0.0; þInf ] 200
kg h—1
Ambient temperature Temperature Real 15
Temperature inside greenhouse Temperature [○C] [—Inf; þInf ]
12
Control function of the pump Control function [○C] Real [—Inf; þInf ] 1.0
e [0.0; 1.0]
Real

Real

Outlet temperature of water Inlet temperature of water ambient temperature thereafter around 3.25. Then the change of the cold source
25 25 (phase 3), the coeffi cient of performance of the pump
Temperature (C)

20
15
10
5 5
0 0
0 5 10 15
Time (hours)
Fig. 3 e Temporal evolution of the temperatures T i , T 0 ,
and T a .
water temperature (phase 4), this power decreases to be
stabilized around 90 (kJ h—1) which is also due to the stabili-
zation of the inlet temperature of water heat source.
4.5. COP for the heat pump
Temporal profiles of the COP of the heat pump indicate 4
phases (Fig. 7).
The first phase shows low values of the coeffi cient of
performance. This phase is followed by an ascending phase
marking a significant increase between 5 and 10 h. The third
phase shows the maximum of output of the pump. It is
located between 11 and 15 h. This phase is followed by a fall
which continues toward the end by a stabilization showing
a light fluctuation. The coeffi cient of performance of pump
(COP) is the ratio of delivered power by the consumed
electric power.
COP ¼ Q_
hp ei
Q_
During the first phase (1 he5 h) the variation of COP
remains practically constant caused by the stabilization of
delivered power and consumed electric power of the pump.
The increase in the delivered power which is due to the
increase in the ambient temperature (phase 2), one notices
an abrupt variation of coeffi cient of performance to stabilize
itself
4 500
Control function of the pump
Control function
Temperature (C)
20 increases in an appreciable way until it reaches a value which
15
exceeds value 4.08. This increase is with variation in the
10
inlet temperature of water heat source which is still followed
by an increase in delivered power and consumed electric
20 25 30 power of the pump. With the fall of the water temperature
(phase 4), this coeffi cient of performance decreases abruptly
to be stabilized around 3.5 which is also caused by the
stabilization of the outlet temperature of water heat source.
There is a good accordance between this theory and the
experimental results developed by Neksa (2002), its
experimental results show that CO2 may be successfully
used as a working fluid in heat pumps with very competitive
performance, if the system is properly designed. The
average COP is about 3.8 and this is in good agreement with
values provided by Sakellari and Lundqvist (2005) and
Fehrm et al. (2002). The average COP is about 3.6; the
uncertainties announced by the authors are between 5%
and 7%, as well as values given by Ozcan and Ozgener
(2011). The COP is also compared with studies that expand
the analysis of heat pumps in heating mode, and
highlighting systematic errors caused by heat exchangers and
circulating pumps. Among its studies, that of Ozgener et al.
(2007) and Ozgener et al. (2005), found uncertainty is about
13%. The results give a satisfactory COP for the heat pump for
24 h of operation in January. As can be seen, the COP is
influenced by the variation in the inlet temperature of water
heat source, hence, the COP increases with increasing the
inlet temperature of water heat source.
4.6. Delivered power, consumed electric power and COP
The evolution of the consumed electric power, delivered
power and COP during one day can be subdivided into 4
phases (Fig. 8).
To interpret the evolution of the delivered power by the
pump during 24 h, one must refer by Fig. 5 which shows the
change of the ambient temperature and the temperature of
Delivered power by heat pum
400
Power (KJ h-1)

3
300
2 200
100
1
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
0
Time (hours)
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time (hours)
Fig. 5 e Temporal evolution of the delivered power by the
Fig. 4 e Control function of the heat pump. heat pump.
 i n t e r n a t i o n a l j o u r n a l o f r e f r i g e r a t i o n 3 5 ( 2012) 1824 e1832
Fig. 6 e Temporal evolution of consumed electric power by
the heat pump.
COP of the heat pump
5 of the inlet temperature of water, and to the
4 consumption of electricity. Furthermore, it was shown that
3 the production of energy by the pump using the water is
COP
2 greater than that using the ambient air due to the fact that
1
0
0 5 10 15 20
Time
(hours)
Fig. 7 e Temporal evolution of COP of the heat pump.
the liquid source which represent together the cold source of
the heat pump in heating mode. During the first phase (0e5
h), the pump working with the ambient air shows minimum
values of temperature. The consumption of the electric
power shows the lowest values recorded during the 24 h
which can explain the creation of small quantity of energy,
and hence, consequently low COP equalizes to 3. During the
second phase (5e10 h), the ambient temperature shows a
progressive increase. The consumed electric power by the
pump increases also gradually which explains the creation
of a quantity of increasingly raised energy and consequently
a coeffi cient of performance between 3 and 3.5.
During the phase 3 (10e15 h), the pump shows the
maximum of power production. This can be explained by
increase of the temperature of the liquid source which rea-
ches these maximum values. At the same time the consumed
electric power increases abruptly and reaches a value larger
than the value recorded during the first phase. The ratio of
two powers announces a maximum value of COP
(approximately 4.08). The COP increases proportionally.
During phase 4 (15e24 h), the more the water temperature
decreases the more the delivered power by the pump also
decreases. In the same way the delivered power by the
pump marks a significant fall,
Fig. 8 e Temporal evolution of delivered power,
consumed electric power, and COP.
1831
and hence, it is stabilized at the end of this phase. It shows
average values with a fl uctuation.
5. Conclusion
A study of geothermal heat pump in heating mode using
TRNSYS simulation has been carried out. The infl uence of
climatic conditions on the heat pump operating conditions
and consequently on their performance has been discussed.
The heat pumps are controlled by a simple oneoff control
system which defines the functioning mode.
From the investigation of the figures, it was demonstrated
that COP of the heat pump is proportional to the increase
calorific capacity of water is higher than the capacity
corresponding to ambient air. Therefore, the COP of the
25 30 heat pump is enhanced when the operation of the pump is
provided by water in the level of the evaporator.
Numerical results show that CO2 may be successfully used
as a working fluid in heat pumps with very competitive
performance, if the system is properly designed.
As a perspective, we will look at the energy losses in heat
exchangers and in the circulation pump in order to enhance
the COP. Also, the cooling mode will be considered, and we
will focus on the vapor recovery geothermal source located in
southern Tunisia. Furthermore, we wish to extend the
present study by investigating the results obtained by the
heat pump in the greenhouses in Tunisia.
Acknowledgments
We thank Dr. Onder Ozgener, an anonymous reviewer for
their constructive reviews, which significantly helped us
improve the paper. We also thank Editor Jacques Guilpart
and Editor-in- Chief H. Auracher for editorial handling of our
paper.
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