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Extranuclear Inheritance-3
Extranuclear Inheritance-3
Mitochondria
Chloroplasts
Maternal effect
Chloroplasts (plants)
• mtDNAs occur in all aerobic eukaryotic cells and generate energy for
cell function by oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) producing ATP.
• Yeast ~80 kb
• Plants ~100 kb to 2 Mb
(lots of non-coding mtDNA)
Replication of the mtDNA genome:
• tRNAs
• rRNAs
• cytochrome oxidase, NADH-dehydrogenase, & ATPase subunits.
• mtDNA genes occur on both strands.
• Functions of all human mtDNA ORFs are assigned.
• Five mtDNA complexes with 13 mtDNA subunit genes are paired with
76 nuclear subunit genes to make the same proteins.
chloroplast
mitochondrion
numtDNA (numt) =
mtDNA gene in the nucleus,
transposition can cause
heritable disease
nucleus
Transcription of the mtDNA genome:
• Only plants use the “universal” genetic code. Codes for mammals,
birds, and other organisms differ slightly.
Useful for:
Molecular Ecology
Volume 21, Issue 18, pages 4563-4577, 31 JUL 2012 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-
294X.2012.05711.x
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-294X.2012.05711.x/full#f4
Chloroplast genomes (cpDNA):
• Circular, double-stranded
• Lacks structural proteins
• %GC content differs
cpDNA of rice
Rules of non-Mendelian inheritance for mtDNA and cpDNA:
conidia
(asexual mating type)
• Usually is transient, but occurs when mtDNA from sperm leak into
maternal egg cytoplasm at the time of fertilization and is not
degraded.
• In these cases, maternal and paternal mtDNA are both present and
can recombine!
www.researchgate.net/figure/221936836
www.sciencemusings.com/
http://bmj-sti.highwire.org/content/77/3/158.full
Examples of maternally inherited human mtDNA defects:
Mixed chloroplasts
White/green
Mutant chloroplast
White
non-photosynthetic
Normal chloroplast
Green
photosynthetic
Fig. 23.8b
Fig. 23.9
Normal
Mutant
Mixed
Assumption:
dextral sinistral
http://scienceblogs.com/pharyngula/2006/06/maternal_effect_genes.php
Genomic (parental) imprinting:
http://gsbs.utmb.edu/microbook/ch056.htm