FUNDAMENTAL OF

PETROLEUM REFINING

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

SULTHON RIZKI F. AZHAR – 140210180074 – CLASS D

• PETROLEUM REFINING PLAYS AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN HUMAN
LIVES AS MOST TRANSPORTATION VEHICLE ARE POWERED BY
REFINED PRODUCT

• THE PRICE RICE OF CRUDE OIL AFFECTED THE REFINING

INDUSTRY AT:
• INCREASE SEARCH FOR FUEL PRODUCT
• DEVELOPMENT OF BETTER METHOD BY FISCHER-TROPSCH
TECHNOLOGY
• INITIATION OF LONG-TERM PLANS TO LOOK FOR RENEWABLE ENERGY
SOURCE
 REFINING PROCESSES – PHYSICAL SEPARATION

• CRUDE DISTILLATION
• CRUDE OIL ARE DESALTED AND THEN INTRODUCED WITH STEAM TO AN
ATMOSPHERIC DISTILLATION COLUMN
 REFINING PROCESSES – PHYSICAL SEPARATION

SOLVENT DEASPHALTING SOLVENT EXTRACTION

• THE ONLY PHYSICAL PROCESS WHERE • LUBE OIL STOCK IS TREATED BY A

CARBON IS REJECTED FROM HEAVY
PETROLEUM FRACTION SUCH AS
VACUUM RESIDUE
• THE OUTPUT IS DAO WHICH HAS LOW
SULPHUR AND METAL CONTENTS
SOLVENT WHICH CAN DISSOLVE THE
AROMATIC COMPONENT AND THE REST
OF OIL
 REFINING PROCESSES – PHYSICAL SEPARATION

• SOLVENT DEWAXING
• THE RAFFINATE IS DISSOLVE IN A SOLVENT AND THE SOLUTION
IS GRADUALLY CHILLED, DURING WHICH HIGH MOLECULAR
PARAFFIN IS CRYSTALLIZED, AND THE REMAINING SOLUTION IS
FILTERED
• THE OUTPUT IS AN OIL CALLED LUBE OIL
 REFINING PROCESSES – CHEMICAL CATALYTIC
CONVERSION
CATALYTIC REFORMING
• A SPECIAL CATALYST IS USED TO
RESTRUCTURE NAPHTHA FRACTION
(C6-C10) INTO AROMATICS AND
ISOPARAFFINS
• THE PRODUCES NAPHTHA REFORMATE
HAS MUCH HIGHER OCTANE NUMBER
AND USED IN GASOLINE FORMULATION
HYDROTREATING
• ONE OF THE MAJOR PROCESSES FOR
THE CLEANING OF PETROLEUM
FRACTION FROM IMPURITIES
• THE CATALYST IS SELECTED TO SUIT
THE DEGREE OF HYDROTREATING AND
TYPE OF IMPURITIES
 REFINING PROCESSES – CHEMICAL CATALYTIC
CONVERSION
CATALYTIC
HYDROCRACKING CATALYTIC CRACKING

• CRACKING IN THE PRESENCE OF • THE MAIN PLAYER FOR THE

HYDROGEN IS REQUIRED TO GET LIGHT PRODUCTION OF GASOLINE
PRODUCT FROM HIGHER MOLECULAR • USING ZEOLITE AS CATALYST FOR
WEIGHT FRACTION
CRACKING FUNCTION
• DUAL CATALYST IS USED FOR
• FORMING GASOLINE FROM VACUUM
CRACKING FUNCTION AND
GAS OILS
HYDROGENATION FUNCTION
 REFINING PROCESSES – CHEMICAL CATALYTIC
CONVERSION
ALKYLATION
• A PROCESS WHICH ISOBUTENE REACTS
WITH OLEFINS SUCH AS BUTYLENE TO
PRODUCES A GASOLINE RANGE
ALKYLATE
• THE CATALYST IS SULPHURIC OR
HYDROCHLORIC ACID
ISOMERIZATION
• A PROCESS WHICH LOW OCTANE
NUMBER HYDROCARBONS ARE
TRANSFORMED TO A BRANCHED
PRODUCT WITH THE SAME CARBON
NUMBER
• ONE OF THE MAIN ADVANTAGE IS TO
SEPARATE HEXANE BEFORE ENTER THE
REFORMER TO PREVENTING THE
FORMATION OF BENZENE
 REFINING PROCESSES – THERMAL CHEMICAL
CONVERSION

• DELAYED COOKING
• PROCESS BASED ON THE THERMAL CRACKING OF VACUUM RESIDUE
BY CARBON REJECTION FORMING COKE AND LIGHTER PRODUCTS
• FLEXICOKING
• MOST OF THE COKE IS GASIFIED INTO FUEL GAS USING STEAM AND
AIR
• VISBREAKING
• MILD THERMAL CRACKING PROCESS TO BREAK HIGH VISCOSITY
AND POUR POINTS OF VACUUM RESIDUE FOR DOWNSTREAM
PROCESSES
 REFINING CONFIGURATION

• TYPE OF PRODUCT
• ACHIEVED EITHER BY HYDROGENATION OR CARBON REJECTION.
PRODUCT SHOWN IN FIG. 1.2
• ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATION
• MOST COUNTRY REQUIRED LOW LEVEL CONTAMINANTS LIKE
SULPHUR
• CRUDE ASSAY AND QUALITY
• THE QUALITY IS GETTING HEAVIER AND CRUDE ASSAY WILL
DETERMINE THE YIELDS OF DIFFERENT CUTS AND
CONSEQUENTLY, THE REFINERY CONFIGURATION
 REFINERY-PETROCHEMICAL INTEGRATION AND
DEVELOPMENT OF NEW TECH

• THE GROWTH OF PETROCHEMICAL INDUSTRY HAS PUT

PRESSURE ON REFINERIES TO EITHER CHANGE THEIR
CONFIGURATION OR OPERATING CONDITION TO
PRODUCE MORE AROMATIC AND GASES

• THE NEW DEVELOPED TECHNOLOGY IS NEEDED TO GIVE

BETTER YIELDS, SAVE ENERGY, MEET ENVIRONMENTAL
REGULATION, AND PRODUCT SPECIFICATION