TOPIC 5

- F O U N D AT I O N

DCC30093
GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING
 5.1 EXPLAIN FOUNDATION IN GENERAL
5.1.1 DEFINE FOUNDATION

Foundation is the element of a structure that serves to support the loads

super-imposed to it through the transmitting elements (such as columns).

TAKRIFAN ASAS
Asas adalah sebahagian daripada struktur yang berhubung terus dengan tanah dimana
beban daripada struktur dipindahkan kepada tanah
5.1.2 STATE THE CLASSIFICATION OF
SHALLOW AND DEEP FOUNDATION
5.1.3 TYPES OF FOUNDATION
A. SHALLOW FOUNDATION
• This type of foundation usually refers to those being
rested on stratum with adequate bearing capacity and
laid less than 3m below ground level. Common
examples include pad, strip or raft foundations.
• The selection of the right type of shallow foundation
normally depend on the magnitude and disposition of
the structural loads and the bearing capacity of subsoil.
A combination of two or three type of shallow
foundation in one single structure is not uncommon.
TYPES OF SHALLOW FOUNDATION
TYPES OF SHALLOW FOUNDATION
BALANCED BASE FOUNDATION
 5.1.3 TYPES OF FOUNDATION
B. DEEP FOUNDATION

• deep foundation is a type of foundation hich transfers building loads to the earth
farther down from the surface than a shallow foundation does, to a subsurface layer
or a range of depths.
• A pile is a vertical structural element of a deep foundation, driven deep into the
ground at the building site.
 EXAMPLES OF
SHALLOW & DEEP FOUNDATION
SHALLOW AND PILED FOUNDATION
 5.1.4 MECHANISM TRANSFER OF LOAD OF
FOUNDATION
A. SHALLOW FOUNDATION
Loading condition of foundation
(pressure distribution in different soil)
LOADING CONDITION OF FOUNDATION
(PRESSURE BULB)
5.1.4 MECHANISM TRANSFER OF LOAD
FOUNDATION
B. DEEP FOUNDATION
Load from a superstructure is transmitted to the subsoil either by:
• End-bearing–load is support by resting onto a firm stratum such as bed-rock or stratum of
subsoil with the required bearing capacity.
• Skin friction–load is support by the frictional resistance so created between the contact surface
of the pile and the embracing soil.
PAD FOUNDATIONS
LOADING SUPPORTS TO PILE
LOADING SUPPORTS TO PILE
 5.1.5 FUNCTION OF FOUNDATION

1. Prevent settlement (including differential settlement) of a

structure.
2. Prevent possible movement of structure due to periodic
shrinkage and swelling of subsoil.
3. Allow building over water or water logged ground.
4. Resist uplifting or overturning forces due to wind.
5. Underpin (support) existing or unstable structures.
6. Resist lateral forces due to soil movement.
5.1.5 IMPORTANCE OF FOUNDATION
• In the construction industry, there is one aim for
every project and it’s a simple one: to construct
a building that is strong and secure. When it
comes to building construction, the strength of
any building lies in its foundations, which is
why it’s so crucial that you get the foundations
right and understand why they are such a crucial
element.
• The main purpose of a building’s foundation is
to hold the structure above it and ensure that the
building remains upright. When a foundation is
poorly constructed, it can post a serious risk to
the inhabitants and the neighbourhood as a
whole. The larger the building, the more
powerful the foundation must be. Therefore it is
essential that the foundations are always taken
seriously when it comes to building
construction.
CLASSIFICATION OF PILE WITH RESPECT OF
MATERIAL
1. Timber
2. Steel
3. Prestressed concrete piles
4. Composite piles
 5.1.6 FACTORS AFFECTING THE REQUIREMENT
OF THE FOUNDATION

1. Structured requirement
2. Condition of soil
3. The size of the project
4. The strength of foundation
5. Environmental factors
6. Cost
7. Implementation of work
5.1.7 REQUIREMENT CRITERIA FOR THE DESIGN OF
FOUNDATION
1. Bearing capacity of soil
2. Depth of foundation
3. Settlement
4. Factors of safety
 CONCEPT OF BEARING CAPACITY OF SOIL

𝑞𝑓
 
a. Ultimate Bearing Capacity
Symbol

as mobilizing the full value of shear Keamatan beban di mana tanah gagal secara
Definitions
strength of the soil accompanied by large ricih
and excessive settlements

Equation 𝑞 𝑓 =𝐶𝑁 𝑐 𝑆 𝑐 +𝑃 0 𝑁 𝑞 𝑆 𝑞 +𝛾 𝐵 𝑁 𝛾 𝑆𝛾
 
 CONCEPT OF BEARING CAPACITY OF SOIL

𝑞 𝑓𝑛
 
b. Ultimate net bearing capacity
Symbol

Definitions Difference between the ultimate bearing Keadaan pembebanan bersih di mana
capacity of the pressure caused by the soil tanah gagal secara ricih pada sesuatu
unit weight due to shear failure asas

Equation 𝑞 𝑓𝑛 =𝑞 𝑓 − 𝑃0
 
 CONCEPT OF BEARING CAPACITY OF SOIL

𝑞𝑠
 
c. Safe Bearing Capacity
Symbol

Definitions The maximum bearing stress that can be Keamatan pembebanan yang selamat pada
applied to the foundation such that it is safe mana-mana keadaan dengan mengambil
against instability due to shear failure kira Faktor Keselamatan semasa kerja
without considering settlement rekabentuk

Equation  
 CONCEPT OF BEARING CAPACITY OF SOIL

𝑞𝑎
 
d. Allowable Bearing Capacity
Symbol

The maximum bearing stress that can be
Definitions
applied to the foundation such that it is safe
against instability due to shear failure and
the maximum tolerable settlement is not
exceed
Keamatan pembebanan maksima yang
dibenarkan pada mana-mana keadaan
dengan mengambil kira keupayaan galas
tanah, jangkaan enapan dan keupayaan
struktur untuk mengimbangi enapan.

Equation
  𝑞𝑓   𝑄
𝑞 𝑎= @ 𝑞 𝑎= 2
𝐹𝑆 𝐵
 CONCEPT OF BEARING CAPACITY OF SOIL

e. Total Pressure loading of foundation

Symbol
P
Keamatan tekanan jumlah yang
Definitions
disebabkan oleh tanah dan air di atas
sebarang satah ufuk sebelum pembinaan

Equation  
P
 CONCEPT OF BEARING CAPACITY OF SOIL

𝑃𝑂
f.Effective pressure
  loading of foundation
Symbol

Keamatan tekanan efektif di atas sebarang satah ufuk

Definitions
sebelum pembinaan. Tekanan ini ialah tekanan beban atas
jumlah (P) tolak tekanan tekanan air liang di mana dalam
keadaan biasa adalah bersamaan dengan turus air di atas
permukaan ufuk.

Equation  
Po
 CONCEPT OF BEARING CAPACITY OF SOIL

g.Gross pressure of foundation

Symbol
q
Keamatan jumlah tekanan di atas tanah di bawah asas selepas
Definitions
struktur binaan didirikan dan dikenakan beban sepenuhnya. Ini
adalah termasuk beban kasar asas sub struktur, beban
daripada super struktur dan beban asas serta sebarang tanah
tambakan

Equation  
q/A
 CONCEPT OF BEARING CAPACITY OF SOIL

𝑞𝑛
 
h. Net pressure of foundation
Symbol

Perbezaan di antara keupayaan galas muktamad dengan

Definitions
tekanan yang disebabkan oleh berat unit tanah di mana
tekanan galas bumi gagal secara ricih.

Equation  
qPo
 CONCEPT OF BEARING CAPACITY OF SOIL

𝐹𝑆
 
i.Factor of safety
Symbol

The ratio of the ultimate bearing capacity to

Definitions
the allowable bearing capacity
@
The ratio between the net ultimate bearing
capacity and the net bearing pressure.
  In geotechnical
Equation     engineering, FS
@
between 1.5 – 5 is
used to calculate
INFO

Jenis-jenis enapan
a)Enapan Elastik/serta-merta/permulaan
berlaku sebaik sahaja beban dikenakan pada struktur tanah
b)Enapan Premier
berlaku semasa proses pengukuhan. Perubahan isipadu tanah berlaku semasa
enapan premier ini.
c)Enapan Sekunder
berlaku selepas enapan premier selesai.
PERBEZAAN TERMINOLOGI ANTARA
KEUPAYAAN GALAS DAN TEKANAN GALAS
Keupayaan Galas
Nilai tekanan per unit luas yang dapat di TANGGUNG oleh tanah.
Tekanan Galas
keamatan pembebanan yang dikenakan oleh asas dan struktur