ANGLE OF PULL

 angle between muscle insertion and the bone

on which the muscle inserts
MECHANICAL EFFECIENCY OF
MUSCLE
 Right angle
 Angle reduced
 Stabilizingeffect
 Joint approximation
 Angle increased
 Joint unstable
 Dislocating effect
EFFICIENCY OF RESISTANCE
 At right angle
 As the part moves angle of resistance should vary
to be right angle
 As the part moves, right angle resistance should
be applied to that part which is most effective
PULLEYS
 Grooved wheel, rotated by rope around a
fixed axis
 Types
 Fixed
 Movable
FIXED PULLEY
 Alter the direction of pull
 Resistance to be applied at any direction

 Pulley is fixed to support

 Rope which passes through
 Attached to weight at one end
 Force is applied at other
FIXED PULLEY
 In body
 Digastric
and omohyoid muscle
 Obturator internus
MOVABLE PULLEY
 To gain mechanical advantage
 Upper pulley is fixed
 Rope is attached to pulley 1
 Rope is passed through pulley 2, to which
weight is attached
 Rope is again passed through pulley 1
 Force is applied
MOVABLE PULLEY
 Force required will be reduced to half
 M.A=W/E= 4/2=2
PENDULUM
 Heavy particle
 Weightless thread
 Easy to move to and fro
 Oscillation
 Amplitude

 Time taken for each oscillating depend on

 Length of pendulum
 Acceleration due to gravity
PENDULAR MOVEMENT
 Shoulder
 Hip
 Muscular required to initiate or maintain
pendular movement is less than other speed
movement

 Leg swing & arm swing in walking

 MOVEMENT IN
AXIAL SUSPENSION
CHARACTERISTICS
 Limb is suspended vertically above the joint
to be moved
 In limb is relaxed, joint will rest in neural
position
 Swing freely on either side
 Horizontal plane
ARC OF MOVEMENT
 The arc of movement forms a Segment of
base of cone
 Radius is equal to length of limb
 Height is distance of point of suspension to
joint
ADVANTAGES
 Limb fully supported
 Gravity free
 Weightless
 Relaxation during exercise
 Physiotherapist is free
 Rhythmical active pendular movement
 Require less effort
 Reciprocal relaxation
 Increase circulation
MOVEMENT IN
PENDULAR
SUSPENSION
CHARACTERISTICS
 Lateral or medial displacement of point of
suspension
 When limb is relaxed, joint is not in neutral
position, Moved toward new vertical plane
 Pendular movement
 Movement away cause rise of COG of limb
 Muscle work is required to move away
 But none is required to return

 Similar to inclined re-education board

 But no friction
 Hip abduction & adduction
 In axial suspension
 In pendular suspension
ELASTICITY
 Property of body which enable the body to
regain its original form after been distorted
 Stress: force causing distortion
 Strain: change in size/shape per unit time

 Hooke’s Law
 Strain is proportional to stress, provided
strain is not large enough to cross elastic
limit and cause permanent deformation.

 Spring, rubber elastic and Sorbo rubber

SPRINGS
 Uniform coil of wire which is extensible
 Resist, assist or passive movement
 Extensibility of spring
 Elongated by longitudinal force
 Proportional to force
 Recoil of spring
 Potential energy to kinetic energy, result in heat
 Oscillatory movement in spring
 Weight applied
 Stretched and released
 Weight of spring
 Amount of force/weight required to stretch to
pre-determined length
 Length is indicated by a tape inserted
 Tape also prevent to over stretched
 40 lb, 50 lb etc
 40 lb spring
 Weight is determined by material, thickness and
diameter
SPRING IN PARALLEL AND
SERIES
 In parallel
 Two equal weight spring
 Weight is double
 Extensibility is half

 In series
 Two equal weight spring
 Weight is equal to one
 Extensibility is double
 Rubber elastic
 For light assistance and resistance

 Sorbo rubber
 Compressible and extensible
 Light resistance for gripping movement of hand